High-density, crack-free metallic parts
In various embodiments, three-dimensional layered metallic parts are substantially free of gaps between successive layers, are substantially free of cracks, and have densities no less than 97% of the theoretical density of the metallic material.
1. A three-dimensional metallic part manufactured by additive manufacturing using a metallic feedstock material, the part (i) comprising a plurality of layers in which one or more of molybdenum, niobium, rhenium, or tungsten is the majority material, (ii) being free of gaps between successive layers, and (iii) being free of cracks, wherein a density of the part is no less than 97% of a theoretical density, and wherein a concentration within the part of at least one of calcium, antimony, phosphorous, or sulfur is less than 20 ppm by weight and at least 0.001 ppm by weight.
2. The part of claim 1 , wherein the concentration within the part of at least one of calcium, antimony, phosphorous, or sulfur is less than 10 ppm by weight and at least 0.001 ppm by weight.
3. The part of claim 1 , wherein the concentration within the part of at least one of calcium, antimony, phosphorous, or sulfur is less than 5 ppm by weight and at least 0.001 ppm by weight.
4. The part of claim 1 , wherein a concentration within the part of oxygen is less than 20 ppm by weight and at least 0.001 ppm by weight.
5. The part of claim 1 , wherein a concentration within the part of oxygen is less than 10 ppm by weight and at least 0.001 ppm by weight.
6. The part of claim 1 , wherein a concentration within the part of oxygen is less than 5 ppm by weight and at least 0.001 ppm by weight.
7. The part of claim 1 , wherein a concentration within the part of oxygen is less than 3 ppm by weight and at least 0.001 ppm by weight.
8. The part of claim 1 , wherein the feedstock material comprises wire.
9. The part of claim 1 , wherein the feedstock material is arc-melted.
10. The part of claim 1 , wherein the feedstock material is fabricated by a process comprising arc-melting metallic powder.
11. The part of claim 1 , wherein the density of the part is no less than 99% of the theoretical density.
12. The part of claim 1 , wherein the layers consist of one or more of molybdenum, niobium, rhenium, or tungsten, and one or more unintentional impurities.
13. A three-dimensional metallic part manufactured by additive manufacturing using a metallic feedstock material, the part (i) comprising a plurality of layers of one or more of molybdenum, niobium, rhenium, or tungsten, (ii) being free of gaps between successive layers, and (iii) being free of cracks, wherein a density of the part is no less than 97% of a theoretical density, and wherein the concentration within the part of each of sodium, silicon, calcium, antimony, magnesium, phosphorous, sulfur, and potassium is less than 20 ppm by weight and at least 0.001 ppm by weight.
14. The part of claim 13 , wherein the concentration within the part of each of sodium, silicon, calcium, antimony, magnesium, phosphorous, sulfur, and potassium is less than 10 ppm by weight and at least 0.001 ppm by weight.
15. The part of claim 13 , wherein the concentration within the part of each of sodium, silicon, calcium, antimony, magnesium, phosphorous, sulfur, and potassium is less than 5 ppm by weight and at least 0.001 ppm by weight.
16. A three-dimensional part manufactured by additive manufacturing using a feedstock material comprising a metallic material comprising at least one of niobium, tantalum, rhenium, or tungsten, the part (i) comprising a plurality of layers each comprising solidified metallic material, (ii) being free of gaps between successive layers, and (iii) being free of cracks, wherein a density of the part is no less than 97% of a theoretical density of the metallic material, and wherein a concentration within the part of at least one of calcium or antimony is less than 20 ppm by weight and at least 0.001 ppm by weight.
17. The part of claim 16 , wherein the concentration within the part of at least one of calcium or antimony is less than 10 ppm by weight and at least 0.001 ppm by weight.
18. The part of claim 16 , wherein a concentration within the part of oxygen is less than 20 ppm by weight and at least 0.001 ppm by weight.
19. The part of claim 16 , wherein the concentration within the part of at least one of calcium or antimony is less than 5 ppm by weight and at least 0.001 ppm by weight.
20. A three-dimensional part manufactured by additive manufacturing using a feedstock material comprising a metallic material comprising at least one of niobium, tantalum, rhenium, or tungsten, the part (i) comprising a plurality of layers each comprising solidified metallic material, (ii) being free of gaps between successive layers, and (iii) being free of cracks, wherein a density of the part is no less than 97% of a theoretical density of the metallic material, and wherein a concentration within the part of each of sodium, silicon, calcium, antimony, and potassium is less than 20 ppm by weight and at least 0.001 ppm by weight.
21. The part of claim 20 , wherein the concentration within the part of each of sodium, silicon, calcium, antimony, and potassium is less than 10 ppm by weight and at least 0.001 ppm by weight.