Method of preparing carbon nanomaterials

1. A process for preparing a carbon nanomaterial, wherein the carbon nanomaterial is doped and/or intercalated, the process comprising:

providing a carbon-containing material to a reactor comprising a solvent;

providing one or more of: an oxidizing or reducing solution, and a doping and/or intercalating agent to the reactor comprising the carbon-containing material to obtain a reaction mixture,

heating the reaction mixture to a temperature and for a time period sufficient to obtain an intermediate material;

contacting the intermediate material with one or more of hydrazine, lithium aluminium hydride, diborane, and sodium borohydride; and then

further heating the intermediate material to a temperature and for a time period sufficient to obtain the carbon nanomaterial.

2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the carbon nanomaterial is Li-, Na-, O-, P-, K-, and/or Si-doped.

3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the carbon nanomaterial is in a form of a particulate, porous foam, film, or pellet, or is dispersed in a solvent.

4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the carbon-containing material comprises carbon nanosheet, graphene, fullerene, amorphous carbon, graphene oxide, carbon black, activated carbon, charcoal, carbon nanotubes, graphite, coal, or a combination of two or more thereof.

5. The process of claim 1 , wherein said carbon-containing material is or is derived from the group consisting of cassava root, tapioca flour, yam root, potato root, sugarcane, sugar beet, sucrose, rice grain, corn, and wheat grain.

6. The process of claim 1 , wherein the solvent is distilled water, deionized water, ethanol, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, or a combination thereof.

7. The process of claim 1 , wherein the oxidizing or reducing solution is selected from one or more of: sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, and nitric acid.

8. The process of claim 1 , wherein the doping and/or intercalating agent selected from lithium chloride, 3,4-dihydroxybenzonitrile dilithium, lithium hydroxide, lithium acetate, lithium citrate, lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, lithium hexafluorophosphate, aluminium triacetate, calcium hydroxide, magnesium acetate, silicon oxide, and a combination of two or more thereof.

9. The process of claim 1 , wherein the doping and/or intercalating agent is lithium acetate or silicon oxide.

10. The process of claim 1 , wherein the temperature sufficient to obtain the intermediate material is in a range of about 45 to 1050° C., and the temperature sufficient to obtain the carbon nanomaterial is in a range of about 500 to 1500° C.

11. The process of claim 1 , further comprising

washing the carbon nanomaterial with hydrogen peroxide or hydrochloric acid to obtain a washed carbon nanomaterial;

rising the washed carbon nanomaterial with distilled or deionized water to obtain a rinsed carbon nanomaterial; and

heating the rinsed carbon nanomaterial in an third gas at a temperature in a range of about 700 to 1500° C. to obtain the carbon nanomaterial having a BET surface area of at least 1900 m 2 /g and pore volume of at least 2.4 cm 3 /g.

12. A process for preparing a carbon nanomaterial film, wherein the carbon nanomaterial is doped and/or intercalated, the process comprising:

performing the process of claim 1 to provide a carbon nanomaterial;

providing the carbon nanomaterial and one or more of additives selected from a conductive agent, binder, and thickening agent, to a second solvent to obtain the slurry of the carbon nanomaterial;

coating a surface of a substrate with the slurry to obtain a coated substrate; and

heating the coated substrate to a temperature and for a time period sufficient to obtain the carbon nanomaterial film.

13. The process of claim 12 , wherein coating is by tape casting, dip coating, spray coating, spin coating, electronic printing, lamination, stamping, block printing, roller printing, screen printing, and heat transfer printing.

14. The process of claim 12 , wherein the temperature sufficient to obtain the film is in a range of about 25 to 150° C.

15. The process of claim 12 , wherein the film is configured for use in an electrochemical cell.

16. An electrochemical cell comprising: a cathode comprising carbon nanomaterial film made by a method according to claim 15 , an anode, an electrolyte in fluid communication with the cathode and the anode, and a separator disposed between the anode and the cathode.

17. The electrochemical cell of claim 16 , wherein the electrochemical cell is configured as a coin cell, a pouch cell, a cylindrical cell form-factor, or a pack comprising two or more of the coin cells, pouch cells, or cylindrical cell form-factors.

18. A process for preparing a nanocomposite comprising a carbon nanomaterial, wherein the carbon nanomaterial is doped and/or intercalated, the process comprising:

performing the process of claim 1 to provide a carbon nanomaterial; and

providing the carbon nanomaterial to a polymer to obtain the nanocomposite.

19. The process of claim 18 , wherein the carbon nanomaterial is provided in an amount sufficient to increase one or more of mechanical, absorption, adsorption, electrical, electronic, magnetic, and optical properties of the nanocomposite by at least a factor greater than 1 compared to the same properties of the polymer.

20. A process for preparing a carbon nanomaterial, wherein the carbon nanomaterial is doped and/or intercalated, the process comprising:

providing a carbon-containing material to a reactor comprising a solvent;

providing one or more of: an oxidizing or reducing solution, and a doping and/or intercalating agent to the reactor comprising the carbon-containing material to obtain a reaction mixture,

heating the reaction mixture to a temperature and for a time period sufficient to obtain an intermediate material;

further heating the intermediate material to a temperature and for a time period sufficient to obtain the carbon nanomaterial;

washing the carbon nanomaterial with hydrogen peroxide or hydrochloric acid to obtain a washed carbon nanomaterial;

rising the washed carbon nanomaterial with distilled or deionized water to obtain a rinsed carbon nanomaterial; and

heating the rinsed carbon nanomaterial in an third gas at a temperature in a range of about 700 to 1500° C. to obtain the carbon nanomaterial having a BET surface area of at least 1900 m 2 /g and pore volume of at least 2.4 cm 3 /g.