Fabrication of three-dimensional porous electrode
An electrode for the use of an advanced lithium battery is fabricated using three-dimensionally structured metal foam coated with an active material. The metal foam is porous metal foam that can be used as an anode current collector of a lithium-ion battery and is coated with an anode active material, such as tin, through a sonication-assisted electroless plating method. Additionally, the coated metal foam is heat-treated at an appropriate temperature in order to improve the integrity of the coating layer and hence, the cyclic performance of the lithium-ion battery.
1. A method comprising:
placing a mold on a copper rod into liquid nitrogen and pouring a metal slurry in the mold;
freezing the metal slurry where metal particles are piled up and physically attached between growing ice crystals;
forming a porous green-body by drying the ice crystals of the frozen slurry at a first temperature, leaving pores in their places with physical attachment;
constructing a porous metal foam by reducing and sintering the porous green-body at a second high temperature under hydrogen atmosphere, wherein the second temperature is higher than the first temperature, and the sintering comprises:
presintering at from about 200 degrees Celsius to about 250 degrees Celsius for about 3 hours to about 5 hours and then sintering at from about 700 degrees Celsius to about 900 degrees Celsius from about 12 hours to about 16 hours in a tube furnace under from an about 4-percent to an about 6-percent hydrogen mixture gas; and
cutting the porous metal foam into a form of a thin layer to apply it as an electrode in a lithium-ion battery.
2. The method of claim 1 comprising:
coating the thin layer of porous metal foam with a tin active material by using a deposition process, wherein the coating the thin layer of porous metal foam with a tin active material is by using a deposition process comprising:
immersing the porous metal foam into a plating solution of tin; and
applying a heat-treatment process to the porous metal foam after being coated.
3. The method of claim 1 comprising:
coating the thin layer of porous metal foam with an active material by using a deposition process, wherein the active material for the coating comprises at least one of tin, silicon, or tin dioxide.
4. The method of claim 2 wherein during the immersion of the porous metal foam in a plating solution of tin, sonication accompanies the immersion.
5. The method of claim 2 wherein the plating solution of tin comprises tin two chloride dihydrate, sodium hypophosphite monohydrate, thiourea, and hydrochloric acid.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the metal slurry comprises a metal oxide slurry.
7. The method of claim 1 comprises:
dissolving the metal slurry by stirring and sonication, wherein the metal slurry comprises a copper powder and a polyvinyl alcohol binder in water.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the forming a porous green-body by drying the ice crystals of the frozen slurry comprises:
sublimating the frozen metal slurry in a freeze-dryer in a vacuum until the ice crystals are removed.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the sublimating occurs at from about −98 degrees Celsius to about −78 degrees Celsius for from about 30 hours to about 50 hours.
10. A method comprising:
placing a mold on a copper rod into liquid nitrogen and pouring a metal slurry in the mold;
freezing the metal slurry where metal particles are piled up and physically attached between growing ice crystals;
forming a porous green-body by drying the ice crystals of the frozen slurry at a first temperature, leaving pores in their places with physical attachment;
constructing a porous metal foam by reducing and sintering the porous green-body at a second temperature under hydrogen atmosphere, wherein the second temperature is higher than the first temperature, and the sintering comprises:
presintering at from about 200 degrees Celsius to about 250 degrees Celsius for about 3 hours to about 5 hours and then sintering at from about 700 degrees Celsius to about 900 degrees Celsius from about 12 hours to about 16 hours in a tube furnace under from an about 4-percent to an about 6-percent hydrogen mixture gas;
cutting the porous metal foam into a thin layer to apply it as an electrode in a lithium-ion battery; and
coating the thin layer of porous metal foam with a tin active material by using a deposition process.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the coating the thin layer of porous metal foam with a tin active material is by using a deposition process comprising:
immersing the porous metal foam into a plating solution of tin; and
applying a heat-treatment process to the porous metal foam after being coated.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the heat-treatment process to the porous metal foam after being coated occurs at or above about 100 degrees Celsius in a tube furnace under a noble-gas atmosphere.
13. The method of claim 10 wherein the coating the thin layer of porous metal foam with a tin active material is by using a deposition process comprising:
immersing the porous metal foam into a plating solution of tin; and
applying a heat-treatment process to the porous metal foam after being coated, wherein the plating solution of the tin comprises tin two chloride dihydrate, sodium hypophosphite monohydrate, thiourea, and hydrochloric acid, and the immersing the porous metal foam into a plating solution of tin occurs at from about 50 degrees Celsius to about 70 degrees Celsius for about a minute or more.
14. A method comprising:
placing a mold on a copper rod into liquid nitrogen and pouring a metal or metal oxide slurry in the mold;
at a first temperature, freezing the metal or metal oxide slurry where metal or metal oxide particles are piled up and physically attached between growing ice crystals;
forming a porous green-body by drying the ice crystals of the frozen slurry at a second temperature and reduced pressure, leaving pores in their places with physical attachment, wherein the second temperature is lower than the first temperature;
constructing a porous metal foam by reducing and sintering the porous green-body at a third temperature under hydrogen atmosphere, wherein the third temperature is higher than the first and second temperatures, and the sintering comprises:
presintering at from about 200 degrees Celsius to about 250 degrees Celsius for about 3 hours to about 5 hours and then sintering at from about 700 degrees Celsius to about 900 degrees Celsius from about 12 hours to about 16 hours in a tube furnace under from an about 4-percent to an about 6-percent hydrogen mixture gas;
cutting the porous metal foam into a form of a thin layer to apply it as an electrode in a lithium-ion battery; and
coating the thin layer of porous metal foam with a tin active material.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the coating the thin layer of porous metal foam with a tin active material comprises:
immersing the porous metal foam into a plating solution of tin, wherein the plating solution comprises tin two chloride dihydrate, sodium hypophosphite monohydrate, thiourea, and hydrochloric acid,
the immersing the porous metal foam into a plating solution of tin occurs at about 50 degrees Celsius or greater for about 5 minutes or less,
during the immersion of the porous metal foam in a plating solution of tin, sonication accompanies the immersion; and
applying a heat-treatment process to the porous metal foam after being coated, wherein the heat treatment occurs in a noble-gas atmosphere.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the heat treatment under the noble-gas atmosphere is at a fourth temperature that is lower than the third temperature.