Gradient-index liquid crystal device with masked electrode boundary

1. A device, comprising:

a liquid crystal (“LC”) layer having a gradient refractive index distribution; and

an electrode layer coupled to the LC layer,

wherein the electrode layer includes a plurality of electrodes separated by one or more gaps masked by a light shielding material, and

wherein each gap includes an opening facing the LC layer, and the light shield material is located at the opening facing the LC layer to block a light from transmitting through the opening into the LC layer.

2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more gaps are filled with the light shielding material.

3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more gaps are covered by the light shielding material.

4. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more gaps are filled with and covered by the light shielding material.

5. The device of claim 1 , wherein the light shielding material is configured to substantially absorb a light within a predetermined wavelength range.

6. The device of claim 1 , wherein the light shielding material is configured to substantially reflect a light within a predetermined wavelength range.

7. The device of claim 1 , wherein a width of the light shielding material is in a range of about 300 nm to about 3 μm.

8. The device of claim 1 , wherein the light shielding material includes at least one of an organic material or an inorganic material.

9. The device of claim 1 , wherein the light shielding material includes at least one a resin, a metal, or a polymer doped with dyes.

10. The device of claim 1 , wherein the gradient refractive index distribution of the LC layer is in a direction perpendicular to a thickness direction of the LC layer.

11. The device of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of electrodes are stripe-shaped electrodes arranged in parallel, or concentric discrete electrodes.

12. The device of claim 1 , wherein the electrode layer is a first electrode layer, the device further comprises a second electrode layer disposed opposite to the first electrode layer.

13. The device of claim 12 , wherein the second electrode layer includes a continuous planar electrode.

14. The device of claim 12 ,

wherein the electrodes included in the first electrode layer are first electrodes, the one or more gaps between the first electrodes are first gaps, and

the second electrode layer includes a plurality of second electrodes separated by one or more second gaps.

15. The device of claim 14 , wherein the one or more second gaps are masked by the light shielding material.

16. The device of claim 14 , wherein the second electrodes included in the second electrode layer are substantially aligned with the first electrodes included in the first electrode layer.

17. The device of claim 1 , wherein the light shielding material is in direct contact with the electrodes.

18. The device of claim 1 , wherein the device is one of a Fresnel LC lens, an LC grating, or an optical phased array.

19. The device of claim 1 , wherein the electrodes are configured to substantially transmit a light incident onto the electrode layer, and the light shielding material is configured to substantially block the light incident onto the electrode layer from being transmitted through the one or more gaps into the LC layer.

20. A device, comprising:

a liquid crystal (“LC”) layer having a gradient refractive index distribution;

a first electrode layer coupled to the LC layer; and

a second electrode layer disposed opposite to the first electrode layer,

wherein the first electrode layer includes a plurality of first electrodes separated by one or more first gaps masked by a light shielding material, each first gap includes an opening facing the LC layer, and the light shield material covers the opening facing the LC layer to block a light from transmitting through the first gap into the LC layer,

wherein the second electrode layer includes a plurality of second electrodes separated by one or more second gaps, and

wherein the second electrodes included in the second electrode layer are partially offset from the first electrodes included in the first electrode layer.