Methods and compositions for reducing antibiotic administration to farm animals
The present invention provides a method of identifying an animal for which antibiotic treatment, anti-infective treatment, probiotic treatment, immunostimulant treatment, additional monitoring and/or a separate or alternative management strategy is appropriate, comprising: a) collecting a sample from said animal; b) performing a leukocyte differential cell count on said sample; c) comparing said leukocyte differential cell count of (b) with an index of infection; and d) initiating antibiotic treatment, anti-infective treatment, probiotic treatment, immunostimulant treatment, additional monitoring and/or a separate or alternative management strategy of said animal on the basis of said comparing step.
1 . A method of identifying and managing an animal or group of animals at a feedlot or confined animal feeding operation for which antibiotic treatment, anti-infective treatment, hospitalizing, quarantining, periodic weight recording, and/or culling is appropriate, comprising:
a) collecting a blood sample from said animal or each animal in said group of animals;
b) performing a leukocyte differential cell count on said sample;
c) comparing said leukocyte differential cell count of (b) with an index of infection for eosinophils in combination with at least two cell types selected from neutrophils, non-segmented neutrophils, immature non-segmented neutrophils including band neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and basophils;
d) determining need for treatment and/or effect on performance on the basis of said comparing step; and
e) initiating antibiotic treatment, anti-infective treatment, hospitalizing, quarantining, periodic weight recording, and/or culling of said animal or group of animals on the basis of said determining step;
wherein steps a)-d) are carried out in less than 3 minutes for each animal.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said index of infection is:
(i) an eosinophil value in a range from X E ×10 3 cells/microliter to Y E ×10 3 cells/microliter, wherein X E is 0.0×10 3 eosinophils per microliter and Y E is 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, or 2.0×10 3 eosinophils per microliter; and
(ii) a combination of at least two cell types selected from the group consisting of:
a) a neutrophil or immature nonsegmented neutrophil, including band neutrophil, value in a range from X N ×10 3 cells/microliter to Y N ×10 3 cells/microliter, wherein X N is 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, or 1.7×10 3 neutrophils or immature nonsegmented neutrophil, including band neutrophil, per microliter, and Y N is 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5.0, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 7.0, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 8.0, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, 9.0, 10.0, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7, 10.8, 10.9, 11.0, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7, 11.8, 11.9, or 12.0×10 3 neutrophils or immature nonsegmented neutrophil, including band neutrophil, per microliter;
b) a lymphocyte value in a range from X L ×10 3 cells/microliter to Y L ×10 3 cells/microliter, wherein X L is 3.9, 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5.0, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, or 7.0×10 3 lymphocytes per microliter, and Y L is 10.0, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7, 10.8, 10.9, 11.0, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7, 11.8, 11.9, 12.0, 12.1, 12.2, or 12.3×10 3 lymphocytes per microliter;
c) a monocyte value in a range from X M ×10 3 cells/microliter to Y M ×10 3 cells/microliter, wherein X M is or is about 0.0×10 3 monocytes per microliter and Y M is or is about 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, or 2.0×10 3 monocytes per microliter; and
d) a basophil value in a range from X B× 10 3 cells/microliter to Y B ×10 3 cells/microliter, wherein X B is or is about 0.0×10 3 basophils per microliter and Y B is or is about 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, or 2.0×10 3 basophils per microliter.
3 . The method of claim 2 , wherein said comparing step comprises comparing a eosinophil value in the leukocyte differential cell count with the eosinophil value of (i), and comparing a neutrophil or immature nonsegmented neutrophil, including band neutrophil, value in the leukocyte differential cell count with the neutrophil or immature nonsegmented neutrophil, including band neutrophil, value of (a), comparing a lymphocyte value in the leukocyte differential cell count with the lymphocyte value of (b), comparing a monocyte value in the leukocyte differential cell count with the monocyte value of (c), and/or comparing a basophil value in the leukocyte differential cell count with the basophil value of (d), in any combination, wherein an eosinophil value and a neutrophil or immature nonsegmented neutrophil, including band neutrophil, value, a lymphocyte value, a monocyte value, and/or a basophil value that is outside of the range of the respective eosinophil value of (i) and neutrophil or immature nonsegmented neutrophil, including band neutrophil, value of (a), the lymphocyte value of (b), the monocyte value of (c), and/or the basophil value of (d) identifies that antibiotic treatment, anti-infective treatment, hospitalizing, quarantining, periodic weight recording, and/or culling is appropriate for said animal.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said animal is in a group of animals and wherein a leukocyte differential cell count is performed on a sample collected from each animal in said group of animals and compared with the index of infection and said each animal is assigned to either a normal subgroup or an abnormal subgroup on the basis of said comparing step.
5 . The method of claim 4 , wherein animals of said normal subgroup and animals of said abnormal subgroup are fed out together for a period of weeks and/or months while only animals of said abnormal subgroup are administered an antibiotic treatment, anti-infective treatment, hospitalizing, quarantining, periodic weight recording, and/or culling.
6 . The method of claim 4 , wherein animals of said normal subgroup and animals of said abnormal subgroup are fed out together for a period of weeks and/or months while animals of said normal subgroup and animals of said abnormal subgroup are administered an antibiotic treatment, anti-infective treatment, hospitalizing, quarantining, periodic weight recording, and/or culling.
7 . The method of claim 4 , wherein animals of said abnormal subgroup are segregated from animals of said normal subgroup.
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said collecting step comprises dispensing said sample into a cartridge, and said performing step is carried out with said sample in said cartridge.
9 . The method of claim 8 , wherein said cartridge is pre-warmed to a pre-determined temperature, and said performing step is carried out with a cartridge reader pre-warmed to substantially the same pre-determined temperature.
10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said collecting step includes transferring said sample to an automated microscope cartridge.
11 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said animal is selected from the group consisting of beef cattle, dairy cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, and poultry.
12 . The method of claim 1 , wherein steps a)-d) are carried out in less than 2 minutes for each animal.
13 . The method of claim 1 , wherein steps a)-d) are carried out in less than 1 minute for each animal.
14 . The method of claim 1 , wherein step b) further comprises measuring total white blood cells.
15 . The method of claim 14 , wherein step b) further comprises measuring each cell type as a percentage of total white blood cells.
16 . The method of claim 1 , wherein step b) further comprises measuring a ratio of at least one cell type to at least one other cell type.
17 . The method of claim 1 , wherein all of the steps are carried out at the location of the animal or group of animals.
18 . The method of claim 17 , wherein all of the steps are carried out chute-side or pen-side.
19 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample collected from the animal is deposited into a cartridge, the cartridge is inserted into an automated microscope reader which carries out a leukocyte differential cell count and generates an indication of whether or not that animal should receive antibiotic treatment, anti-infective treatment, hospitalizing, quarantining, weight recording, and/or culling.
20 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said leukocyte differential cell count of (b) is compared with an index of infection for eosinophils in combination with at least three cell types selected from neutrophils, non-segmented neutrophils, immature non-segmented neutrophils including band neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and basophils.
21 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising the step of:
(f) generating an electronic record for said animal or each animal in said group of animals comprising said animal's identity, said animal's leukocyte differential count history, said animal's illness history, and said animal's treatment and/or management strategy history.
22 . A method of identifying an animal or group of animals at a feedlot or confined animal feeding operation in need of prophylactic antibiotic treatment, anti-infective treatment, hospitalizing, quarantining, periodic weight recording, and/or culling comprising:
a) collecting a blood sample from said animal or each animal in said group of animals;
b) performing a leukocyte differential cell count on said sample;
c) comparing said leukocyte differential cell count of (b) with an index of infection for a combination of at least three-cell types selected from neutrophils, non-segmented neutrophils, immature non-segmented neutrophils including band neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes, and basophils;
d) determining need for treatment and/or effect on performance on the basis of said comparing step; and
e) initiating antibiotic treatment, anti-infective treatment, hospitalizing, quarantining, periodic weight recording, and/or culling of said animal or group of animals on the basis of said determining step.
23 . A method of preventing or delaying onset of infection in an animal or group of animals at a feedlot or confined animal feeding operation, comprising a) collecting a blood sample from said animal or each animal in said group of animals;
b) performing a leukocyte differential cell count on said sample;
c) comparing said leukocyte differential cell count of (b) with an index of infection for a combination of at least three-cell types selected from neutrophils, non-segmented neutrophils, immature non-segmented neutrophils including band neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes, and basophils;
d) determining need for treatment and/or effect on performance on the basis of said comparing step; and
e) initiating antibiotic or anti-infective treatment of said animal or group of animals on the basis of said determining step, thereby preventing or delaying onset of infection in the animal or group of animals.