High linear range humidity sensor
Circuits and methods for extending the linear range of IC-based environmental sensors. The IC-based environmental sensors may sense environmental characteristic such as humidity levels, the presence and/or concentration of specific chemicals, and/or the presence and/or concentration of specific biological molecules. The linearity of an environmental sensor can be extended by heating the sensor within a range of non-linear operation to artificially induce the sensor to operate within its linear range, and then accurately measuring, either directly or indirectly, the temperature rise caused by such heating. A correction factor is then determined based on the measured temperature rise that is combined with measurements from the sensor while operating within its non-linear range in order to generate an accurate estimate of an actual environmental characteristic.
1. An integrated circuit die including:
(a) an environmental sensor having a linear measurement range and a non-linear measurement range;
(b) a heating element positioned to initiate heating of the environmental sensor at least while the environmental sensor is operating in the non-linear measurement range and maintain heating of the environmental sensor while measurements are made;
(c) a temperature sensor positioned to measure an increase in temperature of the environmental sensor while measurements are made, the temperature sensor including:
(1) a temperature-sensitive subcircuit including two resistors, coupled in series and configured to be coupled between a voltage supply and a reference potential, and a node configured to output a voltage V t that varies as a function of temperature, wherein the node is located between the two resistors; and
(2) a sample-and-hold circuit having an input coupled to the node between the two resistors of the temperature-sensitive subcircuit and configured to output a signal ΔT indicative of a difference between a first temperature indicated by the voltage V t at a first time and a second temperature indicated by the voltage V t at a subsequent second time; and
(d) circuitry, coupled to the temperature sensor, heating element, and the environmental sensor, configured to:
(1) initiate heating of the environment sensor when the environment sensor is operating in the non-linear measurement range, thereby causing the environment sensor to operate in the linear measurement range;
(2) receive the voltage V t and measurement values output by the environment sensor;
(3) adjust, as a function of measured increase in temperature of the environmental sensor as represented by the voltage V t , the linear measurement values output by the environment sensor while operating in the non-linear measurement range to provide measurements of an environmental characteristic by the environmental sensor representing a corrected measurement corresponding to the non-linear measurement range.
2. The invention of claim 1 , wherein the environmental sensor includes
(a) a first capacitor terminal;
(b) a second capacitor terminal in spaced relationship with respect to the first capacitor terminal; and
(c) an environmentally sensitive dielectric material formed between, and optionally around, the first and second capacitor terminals as a dielectric, the environmentally sensitive dielectric material being responsive to a selected environmental characteristic so as to cause a measurable change in electrical capacitance and/or charge across the capacitor structure.
3. The invention of claim 2 , wherein the environmentally sensitive dielectric material is responsive to humidity levels.
4. The invention of claim 2 , wherein the environmentally sensitive dielectric material is responsive to one or more specific chemicals.
5. The invention of claim 2 , wherein the environmentally sensitive dielectric material is responsive to one or more specific biological molecules.
6. The invention of claim 2 , wherein a response of the environmentally sensitive dielectric material is sensitive to temperature changes.
7. The invention of claim 1 , wherein the environmental sensor is formed as part of a first layer of the integrated circuit die and the temperature sensor is fabricated as part of a second layer of the integrated circuit die spaced from the first layer.
8. The invention of claim 7 , wherein the temperature sensor fabricated as part of the second layer of the integrated circuit die is calibrated to estimate the temperature increase of the environmental sensor based on a previous characterization of the actual temperature of the environmental sensor.
9. The invention of claim 1 , wherein the environmental sensor is formed as part of a first layer of the integrated circuit die, and the temperature sensor is fabricated as part of the first layer.
10. The invention of claim 1 , wherein the heating element is part of the temperature sensor.
11. An integrated circuit die including:
(a) a capacitor-based environmental sensor formed as part of the integrated circuit die;
(b) a heating element positioned to heat the capacitor-based environmental sensor and configured to initiate heating of the capacitor-based environmental sensor while the capacitor-based environmental sensor is operating in a non-linear measurement range and maintain heating of the environmental sensor while measurements are made;
(c) a temperature sensor positioned to measure an increase in temperature of the capacitor-based environmental sensor while measurements are made, the temperature sensor including:
(1) a temperature-sensitive subcircuit including two resistors, coupled in series and configured to be coupled between a voltage supply and a reference potential, and a node configured to output a voltage V t that varies as a function of temperature, wherein the node is located between the two resistors; and
(2) a sample-and-hold circuit having an input coupled to the node between the two resistors of the temperature-sensitive subcircuit and configured to output a signal ΔT indicative of a difference between a first temperature indicated by the voltage V t at a first time and a second temperature indicated by the voltage V t at a subsequent second time; and
(d) a signal processor coupled to the temperature sensor, heating element, and the capacitor-based environmental sensor, the signal process configured to:
(1) initiate heating of the capacitor-based environment sensor when the capacitor-based environment sensor is operating in the non-linear measurement range, thereby causing the capacitor-based environment sensor to operate in the linear measurement range;
(2) adjust, as a function of measured increase in temperature of the capacitor-based environmental sensor as represented by the voltage V t , the linear measurement values output by the capacitor-based environment sensor while operating in the non-linear measurement range to provide measurements of an environmental characteristic by the capacitor-based environmental sensor representing a corrected measurement corresponding to the non-linear measurement range.
12. The invention of claim 11 , wherein the capacitor-based environmental sensor includes
(a) a first capacitor terminal;
(b) a second capacitor terminal in spaced relationship with respect to the first capacitor terminal; and
(c) an environmentally sensitive dielectric material formed between, and optionally around, the first and second capacitor terminals as a dielectric, the environmentally sensitive dielectric material being responsive to a selected environmental characteristic so as to cause a measurable change in electrical capacitance and/or charge across the capacitor structure.
13. The invention of claim 12 , wherein the environmentally sensitive dielectric material is responsive to humidity levels.
14. The invention of claim 12 , wherein the environmentally sensitive dielectric material is responsive to one or more specific chemicals.
15. The invention of claim 12 , wherein the environmentally sensitive dielectric material is responsive to one or more specific biological molecules.
16. The invention of claim 12 , wherein a response of the environmentally sensitive dielectric material is sensitive to temperature changes.
17. The invention of claim 11 , wherein the capacitor-based environmental sensor is formed as part of a first layer of the integrated circuit die and the temperature sensor is fabricated as part of a second layer of the integrated circuit die spaced from the first layer.
18. The invention of claim 17 , wherein the temperature sensor fabricated as part of the second layer of the integrated circuit die is calibrated to estimate the temperature increase of the capacitor-based environmental sensor based on a previous characterization of the actual temperature of the capacitor-based environmental sensor.
19. The invention of claim 11 , wherein the capacitor-based environmental sensor is formed as part of a first layer of the integrated circuit die, and the temperature sensor is fabricated as part of the first layer.
20. The invention of claim 11 , wherein the heating element is part of the temperature sensor.