Modular FACTS devices with external fault current protection within the same impedance injection module

1. An apparatus for injecting impedance into a high voltage (HV) transmission line of a power grid system, the apparatus comprising:

a plurality of modular flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) based impedance injection units (IIUs), each modular FACTS based IIU comprising a plurality of FACTS based switch units and a capacitor connected in parallel with the FACTS based switch units forming a transformerless static synchronous series compensator (TL-SSSC), and each modular FACTS based IIU without fault current protection; and

a fault current protection module external to the modular FACTS based IIUs, wherein the fault current protection module is coupled to the modular FACTS based IIUs to provide fault current protection to the modular FACTS based IIUs of the apparatus.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the apparatus is attached to a segment of the HV transmission line of the grid power system.

3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the apparatus is configured to extract power from the segment of the HV transmission line.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein

the plurality of modular FACTS based IIUs comprises a first group of series-connected modular FACTS based IIUs and a second group of series-connected modular FACTS based IIUs interconnected in a series-parallel connection with the first group of series-connected modular FACTS based IIUs, and

the fault current protection module is coupled in parallel with the first group of series-connected modular FACTS based IIUs and the second group of series-connected modular FACTS based IIUs.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising one or more pull out modules, each pull out module including at least two parallel-connected modular FACTS based IIUs from the plurality of modular FACTS based IIUs.

6. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the one or more pull out modules are series-connected with one another, and each pull out module is individually disengageable or disconnectable.

7. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the fault current protection module is disposed at top of the apparatus and the one or more pull out modules are disposed at bottom of the apparatus.

8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein each FACTS based switch unit comprises an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) and a switch control configured to control the IGBT based on an input control signal received from a control and communication module.

9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the fault current protection module comprises:

a metal oxide varistor configured to handle surges and transients,

a current limiting inductor,

a triggered gap connected in series with the current limiting inductor,

a bypass switch configured to handle short circuits and ground short conditions, the bypass switching being connected in parallel with the triggered gap, and

a recloser switch configured to isolate the plurality of modular FACTS based IIUs from the HV transmission line, the recloser switch being connected in parallel with the metal oxide varistor.

10. A power grid system, comprising:

a plurality of impedance injection modules distributed on a power transmission line, each impedance injection module comprising:

a plurality of modular flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) based impedance injection units (IIUs), each modular FACTS based IIU comprising a plurality of FACTS based switch units and a capacitor connected in parallel with the FACTS based switch units forming a transformerless static synchronous series compensator (TL-SSSC), and each modular FACTS based IIU without fault current protection; and

a fault current protection module external to the modular FACTS based IIUs, wherein the fault current protection module is coupled to the modular FACTS based IIUs to provide fault current protection to the modular FACTS based IIUs.

11. The power grid system of claim 10 , wherein

the plurality of modular FACTS based IIUs comprises a first group of series-connected modular FACTS based IIUs and a second group of series-connected modular FACTS based IIUs interconnected in a series-parallel connection with the first group of series-connected modular FACTS based IIUs, and

the fault current protection module is coupled in parallel with the first group of series-connected modular FACTS based IIUs and the second group of series-connected modular FACTS based IIUs.

12. The power grid system of claim 10 , wherein the plurality of FACTS based IIUs are connected in a series-parallel configuration, with the fault current protection module being connected in parallel to the plurality of FACTS based IIUs.

13. The power grid system of claim 10 , wherein each impedance injection module further comprises one or more pull out modules, each pull out module including at least two parallel-connected modular FACTS based IIUs from the plurality of modular FACTS based IIUs.

14. The power grid system of claim 13 , wherein the one or more pull out modules are series-connected with one another, and each pull out module is individually disengageable or disconnectable.

15. The power grid system of claim 11 , wherein the fault current protection module is disposed at top of the impedance injection module and the one or more pull out modules are disposed at bottom of the impedance injection module.

16. The power grid system of claim 10 , wherein each FACTS based switch unit comprises an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) and a switch control configured to control the IGBT based on an input control signal received from a control and communication module.

17. The power grid system of claim 10 , wherein the fault current protection module comprises:

a metal oxide varistor configured to handle surges and transients,

a current limiting inductor,

a triggered gap connected in series with the current limiting inductor,

a bypass switch configured to handle short circuits and ground short conditions, the bypass switching being connected in parallel with the triggered gap, and

a recloser switch configured to isolate the plurality of modular FACTS based IIUs from the HV transmission line, the recloser switch being connected in parallel with the metal oxide varistor.

18. A method of providing fault current protection to a plurality of distributed impedance injection modules (IIMs), the method comprising:

distributing the plurality of IIMs on a high voltage (HV) transmission line, each IIM comprising a plurality of modular flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) based impedance injection units (IIUs), each modular FACTS based IIU comprising a plurality of FACTS based switch units and a capacitor connected in parallel with the FACTS based switch units forming a transformerless static synchronous series compensator (TL-SSSC), the modular FACTS based IIUs without fault current protection, and connected and coupled to a segment of the high voltage transmission line for control of power flow and disturbance at a local region of the HV transmission line;

interconnecting, the plurality of modular FACTS based IIUs without fault current protection, in each IIM in series, parallel or series-parallel configuration;

connecting a fault current protection module in parallel with the plurality of interconnected modular FACTS based IIUs in each IIM; and

providing fault current protection to the plurality of interconnected modular FACTS based IIUs in each IIM.

19. The method of claim 18 , wherein providing the fault current protection to the plurality of interconnected modular FACTS based IIUs is by the parallel connected fault current protected module, connected in parallel with the plurality of interconnected modular FACTS based IIUs.

20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the fault current protection module comprises:

a metal oxide varistor,

a current limiting inductor,

a triggered gap connected in series with the current limiting inductor,

a bypass switch connected in parallel with the triggered gap, and

a recloser switch connected in parallel with the metal oxide varistor.

21. The method of claim 18 , wherein

providing the fault current protection to the plurality of interconnected modular FACTS based IIUs comprises:

using varistors in the fault current protection module to divert transmission line current away from the plurality of interconnected modular FACTS based IIUs; or

using electromechanical contactors and vacuum interrupters to shut off short circuit current.