IP Library Granted Patent US 12,670,399
Granted Patent B2
US 12,670,399 · App. 17/177,285 · Granted Jun 30, 2026

Neural networks with subdomain training

Inventors: Troy Aaron Harvey (Salt Lake City, UT); Jeremy David Fillingim (Salt Lake City, UT)
Assignee: PassiveLogic, Inc.
G06N3/084B60H1/00285F24F11/64F24F11/65G05B13/027G05B13/04G05B19/042G06F17/16G06F30/18G06F30/27G06N3/04G06N3/047G06N3/048G06N3/063G06N3/08G06Q10/067G06Q50/163F24F2120/10F24F2120/20F24F2140/50G05B2219/2614G06F2119/06G06F2119/08
View Patent ↗
Loading inventors, assignments & file history…
Monitor This Case
Get email alerts when status or documents change.
Order Certified Copies
Most orders are placed with the USPTO same day — all within 24 business hours.
Order via The Patent Place →
Pre-filled with this patent's details
Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 12,670,399
App. No.
17/177,285
Granted
Jun 30, 2026
Kind
B2
Abstract

Heterogenous neural networks are disclosed that have activation functions that hold multi-variable equations. These variables can be passed from one neuron to another. The neurons may be laid out in a topologically similar fashion to a physical system that the heterogenous neural network is modeling. A neural network may have inputs of more than one type. Only a portion of the inputs (a subdomain) may be optimized In such an instance, the neural network may run forward, backpropagate to all inputs, and then perform optimization only on those inputs which will be optimized.

Claims (37)

1 . A system for optimizing a heterogenous neural network, comprising: a processor; a memory in operational communication with the processor, a neural network with at least one neuron input, which resides at least partially in the memory, the neural network comprising neurons with type one inputs originating into the neurons themselves and not transferred along to other neurons, neurons with type two inputs originating from the at least one neuron input and transferred along to other neurons, and a neural network optimizer including instructions residing in memory which are executable by the processor to perform a method which includes:

propagating type two inputs of a second type forward through the neural network;

calculating a cost function based on 1) values within the neurons within the neural network and 2) desired values;

backpropagating a gradient of the cost function through the neural network;

using optimization to reduce error only for the type two inputs;

updating the type two inputs to produce an optimized output of the heterogenous neural network; and

using the optimized output to produce at least one equipment control action;

wherein a second neuron represents a first building portion, wherein a third neuron represents a second building portion, wherein the first building portion and the second building portion are connected, and wherein the second neuron and the third neuron are connected.

2 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the cost function comprises a weighted series of differences between output of the neural network and a time series of zone sensor values.

3 . The system of claim 2 , wherein weights of the weighted series of differences are adjusted based on time distance from a first time value.

4 . The system of claim 1 , wherein type one inputs are temporary value inputs and type two inputs are permanent value inputs.

5 . The system of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the type one inputs and at least one of the type two inputs in at least one neuron are used in an activation function of the at least one neuron.

6 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the heterogenous neural network has at least a first level connecting to a second level, the second level connected to a third level, and wherein at least one signal from at least neuron travels from the first level to the third level.

7 . A method for optimizing a neural network, comprising:

propagating type two inputs through neurons of the neural network, wherein the type two inputs originate from at least one neuron input and are transferred along to other neurons;

using type one inputs to determine activation functions within the neurons, the type one inputs originating into the neurons themselves and not transferred along to other neurons;

calculating a cost function based on 1) values of the neurons within the neural network and 2) desired values;

backpropagating a gradient of the cost function through the inputs to produce an optimized output of the neural network;

updating the type two inputs;

and using the optimized output to produce at least one equipment control action;

wherein a second neuron represents a first building portion, wherein a third neuron represents a second building portion, wherein the first building portion and the second building portion are connected, and wherein the second neuron and the third neuron are connected.

8 . The method of claim 7 , wherein an activation function of at least one neuron comprises a multi-variable equation.

9 . The method of claim 8 , wherein the at least one neuron has an activation function, and wherein the activation function uses a variable from a different neuron.

10 . The method of claim 8 , wherein at least one of the type one inputs and at least one of the type two inputs in at least one neuron are used in an activation function of the at least one neuron.

11 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the neurons have at least one activation function, and wherein the at least one activation function comprises a multi-variable equation with at least one variable of a type one input and at least one variable of a type two input.

12 . They method of claim 10 , wherein the neurons have at least one activation function, and wherein the at least one activation function comprises multiple multi-variable equations.

13 . The method of claim 7 , wherein the neural network has at least a first level connecting to a second level, the second level connected to a third level, and wherein at least one signal from at least neuron travels from the first level to the third level.

14 . A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium configured with data and with instructions that upon execution by at least one processor in a controller computer system having computer hardware, programmable memory, and a heterogenous neural network with at least one neuron input in programable memory, the heterogenous neural network having neurons with type one inputs originating into the neurons themselves and not transferred to other neurons, neurons with type two inputs originating from the at least one neuron input and transferred along to other neurons, and a neural network optimizer including instructions residing in memory which are executable by the at least one processor to perform a technical process for neural network subdomain training, the technical process comprising:

propagating type two inputs through the heterogenous neural network;

calculating a cost function based on 1) values within neurons within the heterogenous neural network and 2) desired values;

backpropagating a gradient of the cost function;

updating the type two inputs to produce an optimized output of the heterogenous neural network;

and using the optimized output to produce at least one equipment control action;

wherein a second neuron represents a first building portion, wherein a third neuron represents a second building portion, wherein the first building portion and the second building portion are connected, and wherein the second neuron and the third neuron are connected.

15 . The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 14 , wherein an activation function of a neuron comprises a multi-variable equation.

16 . The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 14 , wherein the heterogenous neural network has at least a first level connecting to a second level, the second level connected to a third level, and wherein at least one signal from at least neuron travels from the first level to the third level.

17 . The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 14 , wherein at least one of the type one inputs and at least one of the type two inputs in at least one neuron are used in an activation function of the at least one neuron.

Assignments (2)
SECURITY INTEREST Recorded Nov 19, 2025
From: PASSIVELOGIC, INC.; QUANTUM ALLIANCE LLC
To: JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A.
Reel/Frame 073605/0001 →
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Feb 17, 2021
From: HARVEY, TROY AARON; FILLINGIM, JEREMY DAVID
To: PASSIVELOGIC, INC.
Reel/Frame 055283/0191 →
Continuity (2)
Provisional Application 62704976 · Jun 5, 2020
Related Publication 20210383235A1 · Dec 9, 2021
References Cited (76)
US 4353653A · Zimmerman · 1982 [cited by applicant]
US 5208765A · Turnbull · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5224648A · Simon et al. · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5581659A · Takatori · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 6119125A · Gloudeman et al. · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6606731B1 · Baum et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 6813777B1 · Weinberger et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 6967565B2 · Lingemann · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 7447664B2 · Pado · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 7835431B2 · Belge · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 9020647B2 · Johnson et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9258201B2 · McCoy et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9298197B2 · Matsuoka et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9544209B2 · Gielarowski et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9557750B2 · Gust et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9664400B2 · Wroblewski et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9857238B2 · Malhotra et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10013644B2 · Takahashi · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10094586B2 · Pavlovski et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10140544B1 · Zhao et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10845815B2 · Palanisamy et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20020152298A1 · Kikta et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 20080082183A1 · Judge · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080222584A1 · Habib et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080270951A1 · Anand et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080277486A1 · Seem et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20100005218A1 · Gower et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100025483A1 · Hoeynck et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100162037A1 · Maule et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100237891A1 · Lin et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20130343207A1 · Cook et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130343388A1 · Stroud et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130343389A1 · Stroud et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130343390A1 · Moriarty et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130346987A1 · Raney et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20140277757A1 · Wang et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20160285715A1 · Gielarowski et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20170084294A1 · Hartung · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170091622A1 · Taylor · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170149638A1 · Gielarowski et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170169075A1 · Jiang et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170322579A1 · Goparaju et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20180202678A1 · Ahuja et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180266716A1 · Bender et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180350569A1 · Kaneko · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20200133257A1 · Cella et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200167442A1 · Roecker et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20210157312A1 · Cella et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210182660A1 · Amirguliyev et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210326571A1 · Nakvosas · 2021 [cited by examiner]
US 20210366793A1 · Hung et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210397947A1 · Li et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20220070293A1 · Harvey et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
Chen, F.-C., “Back-propagation neural networks for nonlinear self-tuning adaptive control,” IEEE Control Systems Magazine, vol. 10, Iss. 3, (Apr. 1990) pp. 44-48. (Year: 1990). [cited by examiner]
Assad, et al., Back Propagation Neural Networks (BPNN) and Sigmoid Activation Function in Multi-Layer Networks, Academic Journal of Nawroz University 8(4):216, Nov. 2019. [cited by applicant]
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2013: Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, ASHRAE, 2013. [cited by applicant]
De Dear, et at., “Developing an Adaptive Model of Thermal Comfort and Preference,” ASHRAE Transactions 1998, vol. 104, Part 1. [cited by applicant]
Gagge, et al., A Standard Predictive index of Human Response to the Thermal Environment, ASHRAE Transactions 1986, Part 2B. [cited by applicant]
Hatcher, John, “Smart Buildings get hyperaware”, Smart Buildings Magazine, Aug. 24, 2020. [cited by applicant]
Medhi, et al.,Jan. 2011, “Model-Based Hierarchical Optimal Control Design for HVAC Systems,” ASME 2011 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference and Bath/ASME Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. [cited by applicant]
Nakahara, “Study and Practice on HVAC System Commissioning,” The 4th international Symposium on HVAC, Beijing, China, Oct. 9-11, 2003. [cited by applicant]
Nassif, Nabil, (2005), Optimization of HVAC control system strategy using two-objective genetic algorithm [microform]. [cited by applicant]
Perra, et al., “Monitoring Indoor People Presence in Buildings Using Low-Cost Infrared Sensor Array in Doorways,” Sensors (Basel). Jun. 2021; 21(12): 4062. [cited by applicant]
Qin et al., “Commissioning and Diagnosis of VAV Air-Conditioning Systems,” Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Shenzhen, China, Nov. 6-9, 2006. [cited by applicant]
Salsbury et al., “Automated Testing of HVAC Systems for Commissioning,” Laurence Livermore National Laboratory, 1999, LBNL-43639. [cited by applicant]
Serale, G., et al., “Model Predictive Control (MPC) for Enhancing Building and HVAC System Energy Efficiency: Problem Formulation, Applications and Opportunities,” Energies 2018, 11, 631; doi:10.3390, Mar. 12, 2018. [cited by applicant]
Vaezi-Nejad, H.; Salsbury, T.; Choiniere, D. (2004). Using Building Control System for Commissioning. Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu); Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu). Available electronically… [cited by applicant]
Vanus et al., The design of an indirect method for the human presence monitoring in the intelligent building,Human-centric Computing and Information Sciences 8, Article No. 28 (2018). [cited by applicant]
Xiao et al., “Automatic Continuous Commissioning of Measurement Instruments in Air Handling Units,” Building Commissioning for Energy Efficiency and Comfort, 2006, vol. VI-1-3, Shenzhen, China. [cited by applicant]
Nassif et al., “Self-tuning dynamic models of HVAC system components,” 2008, Elsiever, Energy and Buildings 40, 1709-1720. [cited by applicant]
Rabunal et al., Aritficial Neural Networks in Real-Life Applications, 2006, Idea Group Publishing, Hershey, PA. [cited by applicant]
Rao, C++ Neural Networks and Fuzzy Logic, Jun. 1, 1995, MT Books, IDG Books Worldwide, Ind. [cited by applicant]
Rios, at al., “Derivative-free optimization: a review of algorithms and comparison of software implementations”, J Glob Optimizers (2013) 56;1247-1293. [cited by applicant]
Sabor, et al., “Dynamic Routing Between Capsules,” NIPS'17: Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Dec. 2017, pp. 3859-3869. [cited by applicant]
Veelenturf, L. P. J., Analysis and applications of artificial neural networks, 1995, Prentice Hall International (UK0) Ltd, United Kingdom. [cited by applicant]
Welsh, “Ongoing Commissioning (OCx) with BAS and Data Loggers,” National Conference on Building Commissioning: Jun. 3-5, 2009. [cited by applicant]