Actuator with variable cylinder
An actuator may be integrated into an optical element such as a liquid lens and configured to create spherical curvature as well as a variable cylinder radius and axis in a surface of the optical element. An example actuator may include a stack of electromechanical layers, and electrodes configured to apply an electric field independently across each of the electromechanical layers. Within the stack, an orientation of neighboring electromechanical layers may differ, e.g., stepwise, by at least approximately 10°.
1. An actuator comprising:
a stack of electromechanical layers;
an antireflective coating comprising a refractive index gradient; and
electrodes configured to apply an electric field independently across each of the electromechanical layers, wherein an orientation of neighboring electromechanical layers differs by at least approximately 10° and the antireflective coating is disposed over at least a portion of the electrodes opposite to the stack of electromechanical layers.
2. The actuator of claim 1 , wherein the stack of electromechanical layers is configured to create a variable cylinder radius and axis in a surface adjacent to the actuator.
3. The actuator of claim 2 , wherein the cylinder radius ranges from approximately −1 m to +1 m.
4. The actuator of claim 1 , wherein one or more of the electromechanical layers comprise a uniaxially oriented material.
5. The actuator of claim 1 , wherein the electromechanical layers comprise an electrostrictive material.
6. The actuator of claim 1 , wherein the electromechanical layers comprise a piezoelectric material.
7. The actuator of claim 1 , wherein the electromechanical layers comprise polyvinylidene fluoride.
8. The actuator of claim 1 , wherein the electromechanical layers are optically transparent.
9. The actuator of claim 1 , wherein the electrodes are arranged within the stack of electromechanical layers with an electrode located between each pair of the neighboring electromechanical layers.
10. The actuator of claim 1 , wherein the electrodes are optically transparent.
11. The actuator of claim 1 , further comprising a reflective layer overlying the stack of electromechanical layers.
12. The actuator of claim 1 , further comprising a passive layer bonded to the stack of electromechanical layers.
13. A liquid lens comprising the actuator of claim 1 .
14. A liquid lens comprising:
a substrate;
an actuator overlying the substrate;
an antireflective coating comprising a refractive index gradient;
a liquid layer disposed between the substrate and the actuator; and
a seal located between the substrate and the actuator peripheral to the liquid layer, wherein the actuator is configured to create a variable cylinder radius and axis in a surface of the liquid layer.
15. The liquid lens of claim 14 , wherein the actuator directly overlies the liquid layer.
16. The liquid lens of claim 14 , wherein the
electrodes are configured to apply an electric field independently across each of the electromechanical layers, and an orientation of neighboring electromechanical layers differs by at least approximately 10°.
17. The liquid lens of claim 16 , wherein the electromechanical layers each comprise a uniaxially oriented piezoelectric material.
18. A method comprising:
forming an actuator over a transparent substrate, the actuator comprising a stack of electromechanical layers and electrodes configured to apply an electric field independently across each of the electromechanical layers, wherein an orientation of neighboring electromechanical layers differs by at least approximately 10°;
forming an antireflective coating comprising a refractive index gradient over at least a portion of the electrodes opposite to the stack of electromechanical layers;
dispensing a liquid layer between the actuator and the substrate; and
applying a voltage to at least one of the electrodes to create a variable cylinder radius and axis in a surface of the liquid layer.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein applying the voltage creates a spherical profile in the surface of the liquid layer.
20. The method of claim 18 , wherein the electrodes comprise a first electrode and a second electrode, and the method further comprises applying a first voltage to the first electrode and applying a second voltage to the second electrode.