Electrolyte comprising nonaqueous solvent and lithium salt
This application provides a nonaqueous electrolyte, a lithium-ion battery, a battery module, a battery pack, and an apparatus. The nonaqueous solvent includes a nonaqueous solvent and a lithium slat. The nonaqueous solvent includes a carbonate solvent and a high oxidation potential solvent, the lithium salt is a mixed lithium salt formed by LiPF 6 and LiN(FSO 2 ) 2 , and the high oxidation potential solvent is selected from one or more of compounds represented by formula I and formula II. This application can not only improve electrochemical performance of the lithium-ion battery under high temperature and high voltage and improve safety performance such as overcharge safety and hot box safety of the lithium-ion battery, but also ensure that the lithium-ion battery has some kinetic performance.
1. A nonaqueous electrolyte, comprising a nonaqueous solvent and a lithium salt, wherein
the lithium salt is a mixed lithium salt formed by LiPF 6 and LiN(FSO 2 ) 2 , a weight ratio of LiPF 6 and LiN(FSO 2 ) 2 is 10:1 to 1:10;
the nonaqueous solvent comprises a carbonate solvent and a high oxidation potential solvent, wherein the carbonate solvent comprises a cyclic carbonate and a linear carbonate, wherein the high oxidation potential solvent comprises one or more of compounds of formula I and one or more compounds of formula II
in formula I, R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from unsubstituted, partially halogenated, or fully halogenated alkyl groups having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and at least one of R 1 and R 2 is a partially halogenated or fully halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms; and
in formula II, R 3 is selected from partially halogenated or fully halogenated alkylidene groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, wherein
a halogen atom is selected from one or more of F, Cl, Br, and I,
wherein, based on a total weight of the high oxidation potential solvent, a weight of the compound represented by formula I is 30% or more, and a weight of the compound represented by formula II is 70% or less,
wherein based on a total weight of the nonaqueous solvent, a weight percentage of the high oxidation potential solvent is 20% to 60%, a weight percentage of the linear carbonate is 45% to 75%, and a weight percentage of the cyclic carbonate is 10% or less.
2. The nonaqueous electrolyte according to claim 1 , wherein a weight ratio of LiPF 6 and LiN(FSO 2 ) 2 is 4:1 to 1:4.
3. The nonaqueous electrolyte according to claim 1 , wherein
based on a total weight of the nonaqueous solvent, a weight percentage of the high oxidation potential solvent is 20% to 40%; and
based on the total weight of the nonaqueous solvent, a weight percentage of the carbonate solvent is 60% to 80%.
4. The nonaqueous electrolyte according to claim 1 , wherein
the cyclic carbonate is selected from one or more of ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate, and the linear carbonate is selected from one or more of ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, methyl isopropyl carbonate, methyl butyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, and dibutyl carbonate.
5. The nonaqueous electrolyte according to claim 1 , wherein
in formula I, R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from unsubstituted, partially fluorinated or fully fluorinated alkyl groups having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and at least one of R 1 and R 2 is a partially fluorinated or fully fluorinated alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms; and
in formula II, R 3 is selected from partially fluorinated or fully fluorinated alkylidene groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
6. The nonaqueous electrolyte according to claim 1 , wherein
in formula I, R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from —CH 3 , —CF 3 , —CH 2 CH 3 , —CF 2 CH 3 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CF 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , —CF 2 CH 2 CH 3 , —CH 2 CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CF 2 CF 3 , —CF 2 CH 2 CF 3 , —CF 2 CF 2 CH 3 , and —CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 , and at least one of R 1 and R 2 is —CF 3 , —CF 2 CH 3 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CF 2 CF 3 , —CF 2 CH 2 CH 3 , —CH 2 CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CF 2 CF 3 , —CF 2 CH 2 CF 3 , —CF 2 CF 2 CH 3 , or —CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 ; and
in formula II, R 3 is selected from —CHFCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, —CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, —CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 CHF—, —CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 CF 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 CHFCH 2 —, —CH 2 CHFCHFCH 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 CH(CF 3 )CH 2 —, —CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, —CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CF 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CHFCH 2 —, —CH 2 CHFCH 2 CHFCH 2 —, —CH 2 CHFCH 2 CHFCHF—, —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CHF—, —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH(CF 3 )CH 2 —, —CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CHFCH 2 —, —CH 2 CHFCH 2 CH 2 CHFCH 2 —, —CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CF 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CHFCH 2 —, and —CH 2 CH 2 CH(CF 3 )CH 2 CHFCH 2 —.
7. The nonaqueous electrolyte according to claim 5 , wherein the high oxidation potential solvent is selected from one or more of the following compounds:
8. The nonaqueous electrolyte according to claim 1 , wherein
the nonaqueous electrolyte further comprises a film-forming additive; and
the film-forming additive is selected from one or more of a cyclic carbonate compound with an unsaturated bond, a halogen-substituted cyclic carbonate compound, a sulfate compound, a sulfite compound, a sultone compound, a disulfonate compound, anitrile compound, an aromatic compound, an isocyanate compound, a phosphazene compound, a cyclic anhydride compound, a phosphite compound, a phosphate compound, a borate compound, and a carboxylate compound.
9. The nonaqueous electrolyte according to claim 8 , wherein
based on the total weight of the nonaqueous electrolyte, a weight percentage of the film-forming additive is 0.1% to 5%.
10. The nonaqueous electrolyte according to claim 1 , wherein
the nonaqueous electrolyte further comprises a film-forming additive; and
the film-forming additive is selected from one or more of 1,3-propane sultone, ethylene sulfate, fluoroethylene carbonate, difluoroethylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, 1,3-propene sultone, adiponitrile, and succinonitrile.
11. The nonaqueous electrolyte according to claim 10 , wherein
the film-forming additive comprises ethylene sulfate.
12. The nonaqueous electrolyte according to claim 10 , wherein
the film-forming additive comprises ethylene sulfate and fluoroethylene carbonate.
13. A lithium-ion battery, comprising a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate, a separator, and the nonaqueous electrolyte according to claim 1 .
14. The lithium-ion battery according to claim 13 , wherein
the positive electrode plate comprises one or more of Li 1+x Ni a Co b M′ (1−a−b) O 2-c Y c , and Li 1+y Ni m Mn n M″ 2-m-n O 4-p Z p , wherein
−0.1≤x≤0.2, 0.6≤a≤1, 0≤b<1, 0≤(1−a−b)<1, 0≤c<1, M′ is selected from one or more of Mn, Al, Mg, Zn, Ga, Ba, Fe, Cr, Sn, V, Sc, Ti, and Zr, and Y is selected from one or more of F, Cl, and Br; and
−0.1≤y≤0.2, 0.4≤m≤1.2, 0.8≤n≤1.6, 0≤(2−m−n)≤0.3, 0≤p≤1, M″ is selected from one or more of Al, Mg, Zn, Ga, Ba, Fe, Cr, Sn, V, Sc, Ti, and Zr, and Y is selected from one or more of F, Cl, and Br.
15. An apparatus, comprising the lithium-ion battery according to claim 13 , wherein the lithium-ion battery is used as a power supply for the apparatus.
16. The apparatus according to claim 15 , wherein the apparatus is one selected from the group consisting of a full electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, an electric bicycle, an electric scooter, an electric golf cart, an electric truck, an electric vessel, and an energy storage system.
17. A battery module comprising a plurality of lithium-ion batteries, wherein each one of the lithium-ion batteries comprises a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate, a separator, and the nonaqueous electrolyte according to claim 1 .
18. The nonaqueous electrolyte according to claim 1 , wherein
the weight of the cyclic carbonate is 3% to 8% based on the total weight of the nonaqueous solvent.
19. The nonaqueous electrolyte according to claim 1 , wherein
a weight ratio of the linear carbonate to the cyclic carbonate is 15:1 to 3:1.
20. The nonaqueous electrolyte according to claim 1 , wherein, based on a total weight of the high oxidation potential solvent, the weight of the compound of formula I is 60% to 70%, and the weight of the compound of formula II is 30% to 40%.