Fabrication of self-aligned grating elements with high refractive index for waveguide displays
A lithographic patterning of a resist is performed to create a mandrel over a substrate. A deposition of one or more functional materials on the mandrel is performed. And each functional material has a respective refractive index. A selective removal of the mandrel is performed to create a plurality of grating elements formed from the one or more functional materials. The plurality of grating elements are self-aligned and form a diffraction grating. Each grating element may have a heterogenous refractive index (e.g., substantial normal to and/or parallel to a surface of the substrate). The diffraction grating may be used in a near-eye display.
1. A method comprising:
performing a deposition of a photo-sensitive material on a substrate;
performing a patterning of the photo-sensitive material to create a mandrel over the substrate;
upon the creation of the mandrel, performing a deposition of a plurality of functional materials on the substrate;
upon the deposition of the functional materials, performing a removal of portions of the functional materials prior to a removal of the entire mandrel from the substrate; and;
upon the removal of the functional materials, performing the removal of the entire mandrel to create an array of grating elements on the substrate without the mandrel that forms a diffracting grating.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein performing the patterning comprises:
performing a lithographic patterning of an array of patterns with a defined symmetry.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein performing the patterning comprises:
performing a lithographic patterning of an aperiodic pattern with a defined spatial frequency spectrum.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of functional materials comprise at least two functional materials that have different respective refractive indexes.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein performing the deposition of the plurality of functional materials comprises:
performing a spin-coating of the plurality of functional materials.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the grating elements in the array comprises an optical grating element with a gradient of refractive indices along a defined direction.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the grating elements in the array has a heterogeneous refractive index along a vertical direction that is substantially normal to a surface of the substrate.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the substrate includes a waveguide.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein, upon the removal of the entire mandrel from the substrate, the array of grating elements is left alone on the waveguide.
10. The method of claim 8 , further comprising:
performing a deposition of an etch stop layer onto at least a portion of the waveguide prior to performing the patterning.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein, upon the removal of the entire mandrel from the substrate, the array of grating elements is left alone on the etch stop layer.
12. The method of claim 8 , wherein the diffraction grating occupies a portion of the waveguide.
13. The method of claim 8 , wherein the waveguide is part of a near-eye display (NED), and the waveguide outputs image light diffracted by the diffracting grating toward an eye of a user wearing the NED.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the array of grating elements is a two-dimensional array that forms the diffraction grating diffracting light along two dimensions.
15. A non-transitory computer-readable medium configured to store computer readable instructions that, when executed by a manufacturing system including a processor, cause the manufacturing system to:
perform a deposition of a photo-sensitive material on a substrate;
perform a patterning of the photo-sensitive material to create a mandrel over the substrate;
upon the creation of the mandrel, perform a deposition of a plurality of functional materials on the substrate;
upon the deposition of the functional materials, perform a removal of portions of the functional materials prior to a removal of the entire mandrel from the substrate; and;
upon the removal of the functional materials, perform the removal of the entire mandrel to create an array of grating elements on the substrate without the mandrel that forms a diffracting grating.
16. The computer-readable medium of claim 15 , wherein the plurality of functional materials comprise at least two functional materials that have different respective refractive indexes.
17. The computer-readable medium of claim 15 , wherein the instructions further cause the manufacturing system to:
perform, in sequence, a spin-coating of the plurality of functional materials.