Electrical offset compensating in a magnetoresistance bridge

1. Bridge circuitry comprising:

a first magnetoresistance (MR) element;

a second MR element connected in series with the first MR element at a first node;

a third MR element;

a fourth MR element connected in series with the third MR element at a second node, wherein the first and second MR elements are in parallel with the third and fourth MR elements;

a first switch connected at one end to a supply voltage and connected at the other end to the third MR element;

a second switch connected at one end to ground and connected at the other end to the fourth MR element;

a third switch connected at one end to ground and connected at the other end to the third MR element and the first switch; and

a fourth switch connected at one end to the supply voltage and the other end to the fourth MR element and the second switch,

wherein the bridge circuitry comprises no more than four switches.

2. The bridge circuitry of claim 1 , wherein the first MR element and the fourth MR element are fabricated to have magnetic-field characteristics, which are substantially equal;

wherein the second MR element and the third MR element are fabricated to have magnetic-field characteristics, which are substantially equal.

3. The bridge circuitry of claim 1 , wherein the bridge circuitry is a magnetometer or a gradiometer.

4. The bridge circuitry of claim 1 , wherein the bridge circuitry further comprises:

a fifth switch connected at one end to the supply voltage and connected at the other end to the first MR element; and

a sixth switch connected at one end to ground and connected at the other end to the second MR element,

wherein the fifth switch and the sixth switch are each closed.

5. Bridge circuitry comprising:

a first magnetoresistance (MR) element

a second MR element connected in series with the first MR element at a first node;

a third MR element;

a fourth MR element connected in series with the third MR element at a second node, wherein the first and second MR elements are in parallel with the third and fourth MR elements;

a first switch connected at one end to a supply voltage and connected at the other end to the third MR element;

a second switch connected at one end to ground and connected at the other end to the fourth MR element;

a third switch connected at one end to ground and connected at the other end to the third MR element and the first switch; and

a fourth switch connected at one end to the supply voltage and the other end to the fourth MR element and the second switch,

wherein in a first mode, the first and second switches are closed and the third and fourth switches are open,

wherein in a second mode, the first and second switches are open and the third and fourth switches are closed, and

wherein taking a summation of a differential voltage output of the bridge circuitry in the first mode with a differential voltage output of the bridge circuitry in the second mode removes an electrical offset component from a differential voltage output of the bridge circuitry.

6. The bridge circuitry of claim 5 , wherein the first and second switches are controlled by a first clock signal,

wherein the third and fourth switches are controlled by a second clock signal.

7. The bridge circuitry of claim 6 , wherein when the first clock signal is at a high voltage level, the second clock signal is at a low voltage level.

8. The bridge circuitry of claim 7 , wherein when the first clock signal is at a low voltage level, the second clock signal is at a high voltage level.

9. Bridge circuitry comprising:

a first magnetoresistance (MR) element;

a second MR element connected in series with the first MR element at a first node;

a third MR element;

a fourth MR element connected in series with the third MR element at a second node, wherein the first and second MR elements are in parallel with the third and fourth MR elements;

a first switch connected at one end to a supply voltage and connected at the other end to the third MR element;

a second switch connected at one end to ground and connected at the other end to the fourth MR element;

a third switch connected at one end to ground and connected at the other end to the third MR element and the first switch; and

a fourth switch connected at one end to the supply voltage and the other end to the fourth MR element and the second switch,

wherein the first MR element and the fourth MR element are fabricated to have magnetic-field characteristics, which are substantially equal,

wherein the second MR element and the third MR element are fabricated to have magnetic-field characteristics, which are substantially equal, and

wherein the first MR element and the fourth MR element have magnetic-field reference angles which are substantially equal.

10. The bridge circuitry of claim 9 , wherein the second MR element and the third MR element have magnetic-field reference angles which are substantially equal.

11. The bridge circuitry of claim 10 , wherein the magnetic-field reference angles of the second and third MR elements are opposite to the magnetic-field reference angles of the first and fourth MR elements.

12. The bridge circuitry of claim 11 , wherein the magnetic-field reference angles of the second and third MR elements are opposite to a direction of an external magnetic field.

13. The bridge circuitry of claim 10 , wherein the magnetic-field reference angles of the second and third MR elements are substantially the same as the magnetic-field reference angles of the first and fourth MR elements.

14. The bridge circuitry of claim 13 , wherein the first and fourth MR elements detect an external magnetic field that is an opposite direction from an external magnetic field detected by the second and third MR elements.

15. A magnetic-field sensor comprising bridge circuitry, the bridge circuitry comprising:

a first magnetoresistance (MR) element;

a second MR element connected in series with the first MR element at a first node;

a third MR element;

a fourth MR element connected in series with the third MR element at a second node, wherein the first and second MR elements are in parallel with the third and fourth MR elements;

a first switch connected at one end to a supply voltage and connected at the other end to the third MR element;

a second switch connected at one end to ground and connected at the other end to the fourth MR element;

a third switch connected at one end to ground and connected at the other end to the third MR element and the first switch; and

a fourth switch connected at one end to the supply voltage and the other end to the fourth MR element and the second switch,

wherein the bridge circuitry comprises no more than four switches.

16. The sensor of claim 15 , wherein the first MR element and the fourth MR element are fabricated to have magnetic-field characteristics, which are substantially equal, and

wherein the second MR element and the third MR element are fabricated to have magnetic-field characteristics, which are substantially equal.

17. The sensor of claim 15 , wherein the bridge circuitry is a magnetometer or a gradiometer.

18. The sensor of claim 15 , wherein the bridge circuitry further comprises:

a fifth switch connected at one end to the supply voltage and connected at the other end to the first MR element; and

a sixth switch connected at one end to ground and connected at the other end to the second MR element,

wherein the fifth switch and the sixth switch are each closed.

19. The sensor of claim 15 , further comprising offset processing circuitry configured to receive an output of the bridge circuitry.

20. A magnetic-field sensor comprising bridge circuitry, the bridge circuitry comprising:

a first magnetoresistance (MR) element;

a second MR element connected in series with the first MR element at a first node;

a third MR element;

a fourth MR element connected in series with the third MR element at a second node, wherein the first and second MR elements are in parallel with the third and fourth MR elements;

a first switch connected at one end to a supply voltage and connected at the other end to the third MR element;

a second switch connected at one end to ground and connected at the other end to the fourth MR element;

a third switch connected at one end to ground and connected at the other end to the third MR element and the first switch; and

a fourth switch connected at one end to the supply voltage and the other end to the fourth MR element and the second switch,

wherein in a first mode, the first and second switches are closed and the third and fourth switches are open,

wherein in a second mode, the first and second switches are open and the third and fourth switches are closed, and

wherein taking a summation of a differential voltage output of the bridge circuitry in the first mode with a differential voltage output of the bridge circuitry in the second mode removes an electrical offset component from a differential voltage output of the bridge circuitry.

21. The sensor of claim 20 , wherein the first and second switches are controlled by a first clock signal,

wherein the third and fourth switches are controlled by a second clock signal.

22. The sensor of claim 21 , wherein when the first clock signal is at a high voltage level, the second clock signal is at a low voltage level.

23. The sensor of claim 22 , wherein when the first clock signal is at a low voltage level, the second clock signal is at a high voltage level.

24. A magnetic-field sensor comprising bridge circuitry, the bridge circuitry comprising:

a first magnetoresistance (MR) element;

a second MR element connected in series with the first MR element at a first node;

a third MR element;

a fourth MR element connected in series with the third MR element at a second node, wherein the first and second MR elements are in parallel with the third and fourth MR elements;

a first switch connected at one end to a supply voltage and connected at the other end to the third MR element;

a second switch connected at one end to ground and connected at the other end to the fourth MR element

a third switch connected at one end to ground and connected at the other end to the third MR element and the first switch; and

a fourth switch connected at one end to the supply voltage and the other end to the fourth MR element and the second switch,

wherein the first MR element and the fourth MR element are fabricated to have magnetic-field characteristics, which are substantially equal, and

wherein the second MR element and the third MR element are fabricated to have magnetic-field characteristics, which are substantially equal, and

wherein the first MR element and the fourth MR element have magnetic-field reference angles which are substantially equal.

25. The sensor of claim 24 , wherein the second MR element and the third MR element have magnetic-field reference angles which are substantially equal.

26. The sensor of claim 25 , wherein the magnetic-field reference angles of the second and third MR elements are opposite to the magnetic-field reference angles of the first and fourth MR elements.

27. The sensor of claim 26 , wherein the magnetic-field reference angles of the second and third MR elements are opposite to a direction of an external magnetic field.

28. The sensor of claim 25 , wherein the magnetic-field reference angles of the second and third MR elements are substantially the same as the magnetic-field reference angles of the first and fourth MR elements.

29. The sensor of claim 28 , wherein the first and fourth MR elements detect an external magnetic field that is an opposite direction from an external magnetic field detected by the second and third MR elements.

30. A magnetic-field sensor comprising bridge circuitry, the bridge circuitry comprising:

a first magnetoresistance (MR) element a second MR element connected in series with the first MR element at a first node;

a third MR element;

a fourth MR element connected in series with the third MR element at a second node, wherein the first and second MR elements are in parallel with the third and fourth MR elements;

a first switch connected at one end to a supply voltage and connected at the other end to the third MR element;

a second switch connected at one end to ground and connected at the other end to the fourth MR element;

a third switch connected at one end to ground and connected at the other end to the third MR element and the first switch;

a fourth switch connected at one end to the supply voltage and the other end to the fourth MR element and the second switch; and

offset processing circuitry configured to receive an output of the bridge circuitry,

wherein the first and second switches are controlled by a first clock signal,

wherein the third and fourth switches are controlled by a second clock signal,

wherein the offset processing circuitry comprises:

an amplifier configured to receive the output of the bridge circuitry;

a sample and hold (S&H) configured to receive an output of the amplifier, wherein the S&H circuit is enabled by a third clock signal;

a filter configured to receive an output from the S&H circuit; and

an adder configured to receive the output of the amplifier and an output of the filter.

31. The sensor of claim 30 , wherein the filter is a first filter, and

wherein the offset processing circuitry further comprises a second filter configured to receive an output of the adder.

32. The sensor of claim 30 , wherein the third clock signal is equal to the second clock signal.

33. The sensor of claim 30 , wherein the third clock signal has a smaller duty cycle than the second clock signal.

34. The sensor of claim 30 , wherein the S&H circuit is a first S&H circuit, and

wherein the offset processing circuitry further comprises a second S&H configured to receive an output of the adder, wherein the second S&H circuit is enabled by a fourth clock signal.

35. The sensor of claim 34 , wherein the fourth clock signal is equal to the first clock signal.

36. The sensor of claim 34 , wherein the fourth clock signal has a smaller duty cycle than the first clock signal.