Sorting between metal alloys
A material sorting system sorts materials utilizing an x-ray fluorescence and/or a vision system that implements a machine learning system in order to identify or classify each of the materials, which are then sorted into separate groups based on such an identification or classification determining that the materials are composed of either wrought aluminum, extruded aluminum, or cast aluminum. The system is capable of sorting between cast aluminum alloys and also between wrought aluminum alloys.
1. A method for sorting a plurality of metal alloy pieces into at least a first sorted collection of metal alloy pieces having a first metal alloy composition and a second sorted collection of metal alloy pieces having a second metal alloy composition different from the first metal alloy composition, the method comprising:
conveying the plurality of metal alloy pieces by a conveyor system at a predetermined speed, wherein the plurality of metal alloy pieces are aluminum alloy scrap pieces, wherein the aluminum alloy scrap pieces comprise at least two different cast aluminum alloys;
determining an approximate length of each of the plurality of metal scrap pieces along a line parallel to a direction of travel of the plurality of metal alloy pieces by the conveyor system, wherein the determining the approximate length of each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces comprises measuring the approximate length of each of the plurality of metal alloys scrap pieces as they travel at the predetermined speed past a distance measuring device;
exposing the plurality of metal scrap pieces to x-rays emitted by an x-ray source of an x-ray fluorescence (“XRF”) system, and detecting, by the XRF system, x-ray fluorescence signals emitted by the plurality of metal scrap pieces in response to the x-rays emitted by the x-ray source;
wherein the XRF system is configured to measure an XRF spectrum emitted from a particular one of each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces only for a time period determined as a function of the measured approximate length for the particular one of each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces, wherein the time period is determined as a function of the measured approximate length of the particular one of each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces and the predetermined speed so that only the XRF spectrum emitted from the particular one of each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces is measured and not from an environment surrounding the particular one of each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces;
classifying a first one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces as having the first metal alloy composition and classifying a second one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces as having the second metal alloy composition, wherein metal alloy compositions of the plurality of metal alloy pieces are classified as a result of acquired x-ray fluorescence detected from each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces using the XRF system; and
sorting the first one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces from the second one of the metal alloy pieces in response to (1) classifying the first one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces as having the first metal alloy composition, and (2) classifying the second one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces as having the second metal alloy composition.
2. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the distance measuring device utilizes a light source to determine the approximate length of each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces.
3. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the at least two different cast aluminum alloys are selected from a group consisting of cast aluminum alloy 319, cast aluminum alloy 356, cast aluminum alloy 384, cast aluminum alloy 360, and cast aluminum alloy 380, wherein the first one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces is classified as having a first cast aluminum alloy, and wherein the second one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces is classified as having a second cast aluminum alloy different from the first cast aluminum alloy.
4. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein one or more x-ray detectors of the XRF system acquire the XRF spectrum comprising energy counts for a plurality of channels of x-rays fluoresced by each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces as they travel within a proximity of the x-ray beam emitted from the XRF system, wherein each of the plurality of channels represents a different element within each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces, wherein the energy counts for each of the plurality of channels are accumulated as running total energy counts for the plurality of metal alloy pieces, wherein the energy counts for each of the plurality of channels for the particular one of each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces is determined by subtracting the accumulated running total energy counts received by the x-ray detector for previously scanned metal alloy pieces from the accumulated running total energy counts received by the x-ray detector for the particular one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces on a per channel basis.
5. The method as recited in claim 4 , further comprising:
normalizing a net peak area of each of the energy counts for each of the plurality of channels to generate an elemental composition signature for the first one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces; and
comparing the elemental composition signature for the first one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces on an element-by-element basis to one or more known elemental composition signatures, wherein the one or more known elemental composition signatures each correspond to a different aluminum alloy composition, wherein the first one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces is classified as having the first metal alloy composition when the elemental composition signature for the first one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces matches with the known elemental composition signature corresponding to the first metal alloy composition.
6. A method for sorting a plurality of metal alloy pieces into at least a first sorted collection of metal alloy pieces having a first metal alloy composition and a second sorted collection of metal alloy pieces having a second metal alloy composition different from the first metal alloy composition, the method comprising:
conveying the plurality of metal alloy pieces by a conveyor system at a predetermined speed, wherein the plurality of metal alloy pieces comprise scrap pieces composed of a wrought aluminum alloy, scrap pieces composed of a first cast aluminum alloy, and scrap pieces composed of a second cast aluminum alloy different from the first cast aluminum alloy;
determining an approximate length of each of the plurality of metal scrap pieces along a line parallel to a direction of travel of the plurality of metal alloy pieces by the conveyor system, wherein the determining the approximate length of each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces comprises measuring the approximate length of each of the plurality of metal alloys scrap pieces as they travel at the predetermined speed past a distance measuring device;
exposing the plurality of metal scrap pieces to x-rays emitted by an x-ray source of an x-ray fluorescence (“XRF”) system, and detecting, by the XRF system, x-ray fluorescence signals emitted by the plurality of metal scrap pieces in response to the x-rays emitted by the x-ray source;
wherein the XRF system is configured to measure an XRF spectrum emitted from a particular one of each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces only for a time period determined as a function of the measured approximate length for the particular one of each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces, wherein the time period is determined as a function of the measured approximate length of the particular one of each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces and the predetermined speed so that only the XRF spectrum emitted from the particular one of each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces is measured and not from an environment surrounding the particular one of each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces;
classifying a first one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces as having the first metal alloy composition and classifying a second one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces as having the second metal alloy composition, wherein metal alloy compositions of the plurality of metal alloy pieces are classified as a result of acquired x-ray fluorescence detected from each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces using the XRF system;
sorting the first one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces from the second one of the metal alloy pieces in response to (1) classifying the first one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces as having the first metal alloy composition, and (2) classifying the second one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces as having the second metal alloy composition; and sorting out scrap pieces that have been classified as composed of a wrought aluminum alloy before exposing a remainder of the plurality of metal scrap pieces to the x-rays emitted by the x-ray source of the XRF system in order to classify and sort the scrap pieces composed of the first cast aluminum alloy from the scrap pieces composed of the second cast aluminum alloy.
7. The method as recited in claim 6 , wherein the scrap pieces that have been classified as composed of the wrought aluminum alloy were classified using a machine learning system as a function of a knowledge base containing a previously generated library of observed characteristics associated with wrought aluminum scrap pieces.
8. The method as recited in claim 6 , further comprising classifying and sorting between the scrap pieces composed of different wrought aluminum alloys.
9. A system for sorting metal alloys comprising:
a conveyor system configured to convey a plurality of received metal alloy pieces at a predetermined speed, wherein the plurality of metal alloy pieces comprise scrap pieces composed of a wrought aluminum alloy, scrap pieces composed of a first cast aluminum alloy, and scrap pieces composed of a second cast aluminum alloy different from the first cast aluminum alloy;
a distance measuring device configured to determine an approximate length for each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces along a line parallel to a direction of travel of the plurality of metal alloy pieces;
an XRF system configured to emit x-rays from an x-ray source towards each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces and to detect x-ray fluorescence signals emitted by the plurality of metal alloy pieces in response to the x-rays emitted by the x-ray source;
the XRF system configured to determine separate XRF spectra for each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces only during a time period determined as a function of the approximate length and the predetermined speed so that only the XRF spectrum emitted from a respective metal alloy piece is measured and not from an environment surrounding the respective metal alloy piece;
circuitry configured to classify a first one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces as having the first metal alloy composition and classify a second one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces as having the second metal alloy composition, wherein metal alloy compositions of the plurality of metal alloy pieces are classified as a result of acquired x-ray fluorescence detected from each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces using the XRF system;
a sorting device configured to sort the first one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces from the second one of the metal alloy pieces in response to (1) classifying the first one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces as having the first metal alloy composition, and (2) classifying the second one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces as having the second metal alloy composition; and
another sorting device configured to sort out scrap pieces that have been classified as composed of a wrought aluminum alloy before exposing a remainder of the plurality of metal scrap pieces to the x-rays emitted by the x-ray source of the XRF system in order to classify and sort the scrap pieces composed of the first cast aluminum alloy from the scrap pieces composed of the second cast aluminum alloy.
10. The system as recited in claim 9 , wherein the distance measuring device further comprises a light source to determine the approximate length of each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces.
11. The system as recited in claim 9 , wherein the scrap pieces that have been classified as composed of the wrought aluminum alloy were classified using a machine learning system as a function of a knowledge base containing a previously generated library of observed characteristics associated with wrought aluminum scrap pieces.
12. The system as recited in claim 9 , further comprising classifying and sorting between the scrap pieces composed of different wrought aluminum alloys.
13. The system as recited in claim 9 , wherein the first and second metal alloy compositions fall within a same aluminum alloy series.
14. A system for sorting metal alloys comprising:
a conveyor system configured to convey a plurality of received metal alloy pieces at a predetermined speed, wherein first and second ones of the plurality of metal alloy pieces contain different aluminum alloys;
a distance measuring device configured to determine an approximate length for each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces along a line parallel to a direction of travel of the plurality of metal alloy pieces;
an XRF system configured to emit x-rays from an x-ray source towards each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces and to detect x-ray fluorescence signals emitted by the plurality of metal alloy pieces in response to the x-rays emitted by the x-ray source;
the XRF system configured to determine separate XRF spectra for each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces only during a time period determined as a function of the approximate length and the predetermined speed so that only the XRF spectrum emitted from a respective metal alloy piece is measured and not from an environment surrounding the respective metal alloy piece;
circuitry configured to classify a first one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces as having the first metal alloy composition and classify a second one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces as having the second metal alloy composition, wherein metal alloy compositions of the plurality of metal alloy pieces are classified as a result of acquired x-ray fluorescence detected from each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces using the XRF system; and
a sorting device configured to sort the first one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces from the second one of the metal alloy pieces in response to (1) classifying the first one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces as having the first metal alloy composition, and (2) classifying the second one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces as having the second metal alloy composition, wherein the aluminum alloy scrap pieces comprise at least two different cast aluminum alloys.
15. The system as recited in claim 14 , wherein the at least two different cast aluminum alloys are selected from a group consisting of cast aluminum alloy 319, cast aluminum alloy 356, cast aluminum alloy 384, cast aluminum alloy 360, and cast aluminum alloy 380, wherein the first one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces is classified as having a first cast aluminum alloy, and wherein the second one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces is classified as having a second cast aluminum alloy different from the first cast aluminum alloy.
16. A system for sorting metal alloys comprising:
a conveyor system configured to convey a plurality of received metal alloy pieces at a predetermined speed;
a distance measuring device configured to determine an approximate length for each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces along a line parallel to a direction of travel of the plurality of metal alloy pieces;
an XRF system configured to emit x-rays from an x-ray source towards each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces and to detect x-ray fluorescence signals emitted by the plurality of metal alloy pieces in response to the x-rays emitted by the x-ray source;
the XRF system configured to determine separate XRF spectra for each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces only during a time period determined as a function of the approximate length and the predetermined speed so that only the XRF spectrum emitted from a respective metal alloy piece is measured and not from an environment surrounding the respective metal alloy piece;
circuitry configured to classify a first one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces as having the first metal alloy composition and classify a second one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces as having the second metal alloy composition, wherein metal alloy compositions of the plurality of metal alloy pieces are classified as a result of acquired x-ray fluorescence detected from each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces using the XRF system; and
a sorting device configured to sort the first one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces from the second one of the metal alloy pieces in response to (1) classifying the first one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces as having the first metal alloy composition, and (2) classifying the second one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces as having the second metal alloy composition, wherein one or more x-ray detectors of the XRF system acquire the XRF spectrum comprising energy counts for a plurality of channels of x-rays fluoresced by each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces as they travel within a proximity of the x-ray beam emitted from the XRF system, wherein each of the plurality of channels represents a different element within each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces, wherein the energy counts for each of the plurality of channels are accumulated as running total energy counts for the plurality of metal alloy pieces, wherein the energy counts for each of the plurality of channels for the particular one of each of the plurality of metal alloy pieces is determined by subtracting the accumulated running total energy counts received by the x-ray detector for previously scanned metal alloy pieces from the accumulated running total energy counts received by the x-ray detector for the particular one of the plurality of metal alloy pieces on a per channel basis.