Self-healing containment gels for aircraft fuel cells
A fuel cell containing fuel for an aircraft includes an innermost layer configured to contact the fuel, an outermost layer and a containment gel formed from isocyanate and polyol interposed between the innermost and outermost layers. The containment gel is configured to self-seal a ballistically formed hole therein, thereby reducing leakage of the fuel from the fuel cell.
1. A fuel cell containing fuel for an aircraft, the fuel cell consisting of:
an innermost layer configured to contact the fuel;
a textile inner intermediate layer;
a textile outer intermediate layer;
an outermost layer; and
a containment gel having a plurality of states including an unpenetrated state and a penetrated state, the containment gel in the unpenetrated state formed from unseparated isocyanate and polyol interposed between the innermost and outermost layers, the containment gel configured to expand in the penetrated state to self-seal a ballistically formed hole therein, thereby reducing leakage of the fuel from the fuel cell;
wherein, the containment gel is nonreactive with the fuel in the penetrated state.
2. The fuel cell as recited in claim 1 wherein the isocyanate is in a range greater than or equal to 18 percent and less than or equal to 20 percent by weight of a total containment gel formulation weight.
3. The fuel cell as recited in claim 1 wherein the isocyanate further comprises methylene diphenyl diisocyanate.
4. The fuel cell as recited in claim 1 wherein the containment gel further comprises a plasticizer to affect the rheology of the containment gel.
5. The fuel cell as recited in claim 4 wherein a liquidity of the containment gel is proportional to an amount of the plasticizer in the containment gel.
6. The fuel cell as recited in claim 4 wherein the containment gel includes the plasticizer in a range greater than or equal to 20 percent and less than or equal to 50 percent by weight of a total containment gel formulation weight.
7. The fuel cell as recited in claim 4 wherein the plasticizer further comprises polyglycol.
8. The fuel cell as recited in claim 1 wherein the containment gel further comprises a catalyst to accelerate crosslinking of the isocyanate and the polyol.
9. The fuel cell as recited in claim 8 wherein the catalyst comprises at least one of an organotin catalyst or an amine catalyst.
10. The fuel cell as recited in claim 8 wherein the polyol component of a pre-cure containment gel polymer mixture includes the catalyst in a range greater than or equal to 0.1 percent and less than or equal to 0.4 percent by weight.
11. The fuel cell as recited in claim 1 wherein the containment gel further comprises a tackifier to increase adhesive and cohesive properties of the containment gel, thereby facilitating adhesive reconnection between the edges of the hole.
12. The fuel cell as recited in claim 11 wherein a pre-cure containment gel polymer mixture includes the tackifier in a range greater than or equal to 0.1 percent and less than or equal to 5 percent by weight.
13. The fuel cell as recited in claim 11 wherein the tackifier comprises a hydrocarbon resin.
14. The fuel cell as recited in claim 1 wherein the containment gel further comprises at least one of an antimicrobial agent or an antifouling agent.
15. The fuel cell as recited in claim 1 wherein the textile inner intermediate layer is disposed between the innermost layer and the containment gel; and
wherein the textile outer intermediate layer is disposed between the outermost layer and the containment gel, the textile outer intermediate layer separated from the textile inner intermediate layer by the containment gel.
16. The fuel cell as recited in claim 1 wherein the fuel cell consists of the following layers in order from the innermost layer to the outermost layer: (1) the innermost layer, (2) the textile inner intermediate layer, (3) the containment gel, (4) textile outer intermediate layer and (5) the outermost layer;
wherein, the outermost layer is a nonpolyurethane outermost layer.
17. The fuel cell as recited in claim 1 wherein each and all of the layers of the fuel cell exclude rubber.
18. An aircraft comprising:
a fuselage;
a propulsion system powered by fuel; and
one or more fuel cells configured to store the fuel, each fuel cell consisting of:
an innermost layer configured to contact the fuel;
a textile inner intermediate layer;
a textile outer intermediate layer;
an outermost layer; and
a containment gel having a plurality of states including an unpenetrated state and a penetrated state, the containment gel in the unpenetrated state formed from unseparated isocyanate and polyol interposed between the innermost and outermost layers, the containment gel configured to expand in the penetrated state to self-seal a ballistically formed hole therein, thereby reducing leakage of the fuel from the fuel cell;
wherein, the containment gel is nonreactive with the fuel in the penetrated state.
19. The aircraft as recited in claim 18 wherein the propulsion system comprises a gearbox containing gears and a lubricant, the gearbox including a containment gel layer formed from isocyanate and polyol.
20. The aircraft as recited in claim 18 wherein the innermost and outermost layers are flexible layers such that each fuel cell is a flexible fuel bag.