Defect-resistant plastic scintillators with aliphatic additives
A plastic scintillator includes a polymer matrix, an aliphatic additive present in the polymer matrix in an effective amount to impart fog resistance to the plastic scintillator, and at least one fluorescent dye in the polymer matrix, the dye being effective to provide scintillation upon exposure to radiation. The effective amount of the aliphatic additive is in a range of greater than 0 weight percent up to 5 weight percent relative to the total weight of the plastic scintillator. Moreover, the aliphatic additive has a structure comprising up to 300 repeat units.
1. A plastic scintillator, comprising:
a polymer matrix;
an aliphatic additive present in the aromatic polymer matrix in an effective amount to impart fog resistance to the plastic scintillator,
wherein the effective amount is in a range of greater than 0 weight percent up to 5 weight percent relative to the total weight of the plastic scintillator,
wherein the aliphatic additive is a block copolymer having a hydrophilic unit and a hydrophobic unit,
wherein the aliphatic additive has a structure comprising up to about 300 repeat subunits, the hydrophilic unit comprising repeat hydrophilic subunits and the hydrophobic unit comprising repeat hydrophobic subunits, wherein the hydrophilic subunit is an ethylene oxide subunit, and the hydrophobic subunit is selected from the group consisting of: a propylene oxide subunit and a butylene oxide subunit; and
at least one fluorescent dye in the aromatic polymer matrix, the dye being effective to provide scintillation upon exposure to radiation.
2. The plastic scintillator of claim 1 , wherein the fog resistance is defined as the plastic scintillator being essentially free of fog following a water vapor treatment comprising a heating of the plastic scintillator to 55 degrees Celsius in the presence of water vapor in a range of about 70 to 100% relative humidity for one week followed by cooling the plastic scintillator to 25 degrees Celsius.
3. The plastic scintillator of claim 1 , wherein the fog resistance is defined as the plastic scintillator being essentially free of fog following a water vapor treatment comprising a heating of the plastic scintillator up to 60 degrees Celsius in the presence of water vapor at about 100% relative humidity followed by cooling the plastic scintillator to minus 20 degrees Celsius (−20° C.).
4. The plastic scintillator of claim 1 , wherein the fog resistance is defined as the plastic scintillator being essentially free of fog following a water vapor treatment comprising a heating of the plastic scintillator to 40 degrees Celsius in the presence of water vapor in a range of about 70 to 100% relative humidity for one week followed by cooling the plastic scintillator to 0 degrees Celsius.
5. The plastic scintillator of claim 1 , wherein the structure of the aliphatic additive includes greater than 10 repeat subunits to less than 100 repeat subunits.
6. The plastic scintillator of claim 1 , wherein the structure of the aliphatic additive comprises up to about 100 repeat subunits.
7. The plastic scintillator of claim 1 , wherein the hydrophilic unit is at least two ethylene oxide subunits and the hydrophobic unit is at least two propylene oxide subunits.
8. The plastic scintillator of claim 1 , wherein the block copolymer includes a second hydrophilic unit such that the hydrophobic unit is positioned between the hydrophilic unit and the second hydrophilic unit, the second hydrophilic unit comprising repeat hydrophilic subunits.
9. The plastic scintillator of claim 1 , wherein the aliphatic additive is a poloxamer.
10. The plastic scintillator of claim 9 , wherein the poloxamer is selected from the group consisting of: PLURONIC® L31, PLURONIC® L61, and a combination thereof.
11. The plastic scintillator of claim 1 , the at least one fluorescent dye is selected from the group consisting of: p-terphenyl, 2,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazole (PPO), 2-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-5-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (butyl-PBD), and a combination thereof.
12. The plastic scintillator of claim 1 , wherein the aromatic polymer matrix is formed from at least one monomeric species having at least one phenyl group per monomeric unit for polymerization, wherein the at least one monomeric species is selected from the group consisting of: vinyltoluene, styrene, and derivatives thereof.
13. The plastic scintillator of claim 1 , further comprising at least one additive selected from the group consisting of: an organometallic, a metal organic, a secondary dye, a crosslinker, and a secondary polymer.
14. The plastic scintillator of claim 1 , wherein the plastic scintillator is optically transparent, wherein the plastic scintillator has an optical scatter level less than about 1 percent per centimeter (%/cm) after polymerization.
15. The plastic scintillator of claim 1 , wherein an optical scatter level of the plastic scintillator is less than 1 percent per centimeter (%/cm) following a water vapor treatment of the plastic scintillator.
16. A plastic scintillator, comprising:
a polymer matrix;
an aliphatic additive present in the aromatic polymer matrix in an effective amount to impart fog resistance to the plastic scintillator, wherein the fog resistance is defined as the plastic scintillator being essentially free of fog following a water vapor treatment comprising a heating of the plastic scintillator to 55 degrees Celsius in the presence of water vapor in a range of 70 to 100% relative humidity for one week followed by cooling the plastic scintillator to 25 degrees Celsius,
wherein the aliphatic additive is a poloxamer; and
at least one fluorescent dye in the aromatic polymer matrix, the dye being effective to provide scintillation upon exposure to radiation.
17. The plastic scintillator of claim 16 , wherein the effective amount of the aliphatic additive is in a range of greater than 0 weight percent up to about 5 weight percent relative to the total weight of the plastic scintillator.
18. The plastic scintillator of claim 16 , wherein the poloxamer has a structure comprising up to about 300 repeat subunits.
19. The plastic scintillator of claim 18 , wherein the structure comprises up to about 100 repeat subunits.
20. The plastic scintillator of claim 16 , wherein the fog resistance is defined as the plastic scintillator being essentially free of fog following a water vapor treatment comprising a heating of the plastic scintillator up to 60 degrees Celsius in the presence of water vapor at about 100% relative humidity followed by cooling the plastic scintillator to minus 20 degrees Celsius (−20° C.).
21. The plastic scintillator of claim 16 , further comprising at least one additive selected from the group consisting of: an organometallic, a metal organic, a secondary dye, a crosslinker, and a secondary polymer.
22. A method of forming a plastic scintillator, the method comprising:
creating a homogenous mixture of precursor components including:
at least one monomeric species having a phenyl group for polymerization,
an aliphatic additive present in an effective amount to impart fog resistance to the plastic scintillator, wherein the fog resistance is defined as the plastic scintillator being essentially free of fog following a water vapor treatment comprising a heating of the plastic scintillator to 55 degrees Celsius in the presence of water vapor in a range of 70 to 100% relative humidity for one week followed by cooling the plastic scintillator to 25 degrees Celsius,
wherein the aliphatic additive is a poloxamer, and
at least one fluorescent dye effective to provide scintillation upon exposure to radiation; and
polymerizing the homogenous mixture.
23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the formed plastic scintillator has an optical scatter level of less than about 1 percent per centimeter (%/cm).
24. The method of claim 22 , wherein the aliphatic additive does not cause a phase separation before polymerization that would cause optical scattering in the plastic scintillator following polymerization.