LUMINESCENT MATERIAL INCLUDING HOLE AND ELECTRON TRAPS AND AN APPARATUS INCLUDING SUCH MATERIAL

1 . A luminescent material comprising:

an element or an interstitial site that provides a hole trap in the luminescent material;

a first dopant that provides a first electron trap in the luminescent material; and

a second dopant that provides a second electron trap in the luminescent material,

wherein the second dopant is a relatively shallower electron trap as compared to the first dopant,

wherein a ratio of the first dopant to the second dopant in the luminescent material is selected so that luminescent material has a lower average value for a departure from perfect linearity in a range of 5 keV to 20 keV that is less as compared to a different luminescent material that is doped with only the element and first dopant or only the element and the second dopant, and wherein the luminescent material is not a rare earth halide.

2 . The luminescent material of claim 1 , wherein a ratio of the first dopant to the second dopant in the luminescent material is in a range of 10:1 to 100:1 on an atomic basis.

3 . The luminescent material of claim 1 , wherein the average value for the departure from perfect linearity (DFPL average ) is determined by:

DFP

⁢

L

a

⁢

v

⁢

erage

=

∫

E

upper

E

lower

⁢

DFPL

⁡

(

E

i

)

·

dE

i

E

upper

-

E

lower

,

where

DFPL(Ei) is DFPL at energy E i ;

E upper is 20 keV; and

E lower is 5 keV.

4 . A luminescent material comprising:

an element or an interstitial site that provides a hole trap in the luminescent material;

a first dopant that provides a first electron trap in the luminescent material; and

a second dopant that provides a second electron trap in the luminescent material,

wherein the second dopant is a relatively shallower electron trap as compared to the first electron trap,

wherein a ratio of the first dopant to the second dopant in the luminescent material is in a range of 10:1 to 100:1 on an atomic basis, and wherein the luminescent material is not a rare earth halide.

5 . The luminescent material of claim 4 , wherein the ratio of the first dopant to the second dopant is in a range of 15:1 to 95:1 on an atomic basis.

6 . The luminescent material of claim 4 , wherein the element or the first or second dopant is a rare earth element or Bi.

7 . The luminescent material of claim 4 , wherein the element or the first or second dopant is Ce, Pr, Sm, or Tb.

8 . The luminescent material of claim 4 , wherein the luminescent material includes a base compound having a minimum energy level of a conduction band that is closer to an ionization energy of the second dopant than to an ionization energy of the first dopant.

9 . The luminescent material of claim 4 , wherein the luminescent material includes a base compound having a bandgap energy, wherein an energy level difference between a minimum energy level of a conduction band of the base compound and an ionization energy of the second dopant is at most 10% of the bandgap energy.

10 . The luminescent material of claim 4 , wherein the luminescent material includes a base compound having a bandgap energy, wherein a minimum energy level difference between an energy level of a conduction band of the base compound and an ionization energy of the first dopant is greater than 10% of the bandgap energy.

11 . The luminescent material of claim 4 , wherein the luminescent material includes a base compound, wherein an energy level difference between a minimum energy level of a conduction band of the base compound and an ionization energy of the second dopant is at most 0.3 eV.

12 . The luminescent material of claim 4 , wherein the luminescent material includes a base compound, wherein an energy level difference between a minimum energy level of a conduction band of the base compound and an ionization energy of the first dopant is greater than 0.3 eV.

13 . A luminescent material comprising:

an element or an interstitial site that provides a hole trap in the luminescent material;

a first dopant that provides a first electron trap in the luminescent material; and

a second dopant that provides a second electron trap in the luminescent material,

wherein the second dopant is a relatively shallower electron trap as compared to the first electron trap, wherein the first dopant includes a Group 1 element, Mg, or Ba, and the second dopant includes Ca or Sr, and wherein a ratio of the first dopant to the second dopant in the luminescent material is in a range of 10:1 to 100:1 on an atomic basis, and wherein the luminescent material is not a rare earth halide.

14 . The luminescent material of claim 13 , wherein the element or the first or second dopant is Eu or Yt.

15 . The luminescent material of claim 13 , wherein the luminescent material comprises a metal-phosphorus-oxygen compound selected from the group comprising a metal phosphite, a metal phosphate, and a Group 2 metal phosphate halide.

16 . The luminescent material of claim 4 , wherein the ratio of the first dopant to the second dopant is in a range of 20:1 to 80:1 on an atomic basis

17 . The luminescent material of claim 13 , wherein the luminescent material comprises a metal-boron-oxygen compound selected from the group comprising metal borate and metal oxyborate.

18 . The luminescent material of claim 13 , wherein the luminescent material comprises a metal-aluminum-oxygen compound, wherein the metal is different from aluminum.

19 . The luminescent material of claim 18 , wherein the metal-aluminum-oxygen compound comprises a metal aluminate.

20 . The luminescent material of claim 18 , wherein the metal-aluminum-oxygen compound comprises a metal aluminum garnet.