Aggregate materials and methods of preparation thereof
Aggregates useful in building materials such as concrete are described. The aggregates may include fly ash and an inorganic polymer binder, which may be present as an outer layer on a core of fly ash. Methods of preparing the aggregates and concrete mixtures comprising the aggregates are also described. For example, the aggregates may be prepared by contacting fly ash agglomerates with an alkaline solution. The concrete mixtures may comprise the aggregates and a hydraulic cement.
1. Aggregates comprising fly ash and an inorganic polymer binder, wherein the aggregates comprise calcium, potassium, sodium, lithium, or combinations thereof, wherein the aggregates comprise a fly ash core at least partially covered by a layer of the inorganic polymer binder having a thickness greater than or equal to 0.75 mm.
2. The aggregates of claim 1 , wherein the aggregates comprise calcium and at least one of potassium, sodium, or lithium.
3. The aggregates of claim 1 , wherein the aggregates comprise CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 , NaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 , (Ca,Na)Al 2 Si 2 O 8 , or combinations thereof.
4. The aggregates of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic polymeric binder is present in the aggregates in an amount greater than or equal to 2.0 wt. % with respect to the total weight of the aggregates.
5. The aggregates of claim 1 , wherein the aggregates have an average particle size of 2 mm to 25 mm.
6. The aggregates of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic polymer binder comprises a geopolymer.
7. The aggregates of claim 1 , wherein the aggregates expand less than or equal to 0.10% over 16 days, as measured by ASTM C1260 and/or the aggregates meet the specifications for concrete aggregates under ASTM C33 (% maximum allowance of weight loss), as measured by ASTM C131.
8. A concrete mixture comprising:
aggregates comprising fly ash and an inorganic polymer binder, wherein the aggregates comprise calcium, potassium, sodium, lithium, or combinations thereof; and
a hydraulic cement, wherein the hydraulic cement comprises fly ash, and a weight ratio of the aggregates to the fly ash is 5:1 to 1:1.
9. The concrete mixture of claim 8 , wherein the aggregates are present in the concrete mixture in an amount of 35 wt. % to 90 wt. % with respect to the total weight of the concrete mixture.
10. The concrete mixture of claim 8 , wherein the hydraulic cement further comprises at least one of ordinary Portland cement, ground bottom ash, cements containing natural pozzolans, ground-granulated blast furnace slag, silica fume, or combinations thereof.
11. A method of preparing aggregates comprising contacting fly ash agglomerates with an alkaline solution comprising NaOH, KOH, LiOH, or a salt of an organic acid, wherein the fly ash agglomerates have an average particle size of 2 mm to 25 mm.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the fly ash agglomerates comprise greater than or equal to 5 wt. % CaO.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the alkaline solution comprises from 1 wt. % to 50 wt. % of one or more alkali metal hydroxides.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the fly ash agglomerates are contacted with the alkaline solution at a temperature greater than or equal to 25° C.
15. The method of claim 11 , further comprising hydrating the fly ash agglomerates before contacting the fly ash agglomerates with the alkaline solution.
16. The method of claim 11 , further comprising, after contacting the fly ash agglomerates with the alkaline solution:
recovering the alkaline solution; and
adjusting a concentration of the recovered alkaline solution.
17. A method of preparing aggregates for a concrete mixture, the method comprising:
hydrating fly ash agglomerates having an average particle size of 2 mm to 25 mm; and
contacting the hydrated fly ash agglomerates with an alkaline solution comprising NaOH, KOH, LiOH, or a salt of an organic acid to thereby produce the aggregates.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the contacting the fly ash agglomerates with the alkaline solution includes submerging the fly ash agglomerates in the alkaline solution at a temperature greater than or equal to 25° C.
19. The method of claim 17 , wherein the hydrated fly ash agglomerates comprise greater than or equal to 5 wt. % CaO.