SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR PROCESSING ELECTRONIC IMAGES TO DETERMINE A MODIFIED ELECTRONIC IMAGE FOR BREAST PROCEDURES

1 . A computer-implemented method of processing images to determine a modified image, comprising:

receiving profile data associated with a subject, the profile data comprising three-dimensional image data corresponding to at least a portion of a torso of the subject;

determining a three-dimensional model based on the profile data;

determining a breast volume model based on the three dimensional model, the breast volume model comprising a plurality of tetrahedra;

determining a reference tetrahedron for each tetrahedron of the plurality of tetrahedra of the breast volume model, each reference tetrahedron corresponding to a state of zero strain and zero fiducial total potential energy;

determining an elastic potential energy of each tetrahedron of the plurality of tetrahedra of the breast volume model;

determining a total elastic potential energy of the breast volume model based on the elastic potential energy of each tetrahedron of the plurality of tetrahedra of the breast volume model;

determining a resting equilibrium position of the breast volume model by minimizing the total elastic potential energy of the breast volume model; and

determining a modified three-dimensional model of at least one breast of the subject based on the resting equilibrium position of the breast volume model.

2 . The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein each reference tetrahedron is determined using the three-dimensional image data, wherein the three-dimensional image data includes three-dimensional images of the subject in at least two fiducial positions chosen from a prone position, a supine position, and an erect position.

3 . The computer-implemented method of claim 2 , wherein determining each reference tetrahedron further comprises:

determining a reversed gravity model simulating an effect of reversed gravity with one or more pre-determined moduli of elasticity of tissue; and

comparing the reversed gravity model with the three-dimensional image data of the subject in one of the at least two fiducial positions.

4 . The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein the elastic potential energy corresponds to an energy due to a strain matrix of each tetrahedron of the plurality of tetrahedra.

5 . The computer-implemented method of claim 4 , further comprising:

simulating movement of the at least one breast and/or the torso of the subject by:

determining a time-trajectory of movement of one or more fiducial points associated with the modified three-dimensional model;

determining a plurality of equilibrium positions of the at least one breast of the subject during motion at predetermined time points; and

displaying, in real time, at least one three-dimensional time-dependent configuration of the at least one breast and/or the torso based on the determined plurality of equilibrium positions.

6 . The computer-implemented method of claim 5 , further comprising:

determining a reduction in breast skin surface area by:

determining a reduction in area of one or more reference triangles of the plurality of reference triangles, the reduction in area being determined, at least in part, based upon a simulated removal of skin and/or resuturing associated with a medical procedure;

monitoring, by collision detection, the plurality of tetrahedra of the breast volume model to determine that each tetrahedron of the plurality of tetrahedra remains within a surface of the breast surface model; and

determining a resting equilibrium position of the breast surface model by minimizing a total energy of the breast surface and volume models according to a predetermined constraint associated with an integrity of breast tissue.

7 . The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , further comprising:

determining a gravitational potential energy of the breast volume model by determining a gravitational potential energy of each tetrahedron of the plurality of tetrahedra;

determining a total gravitational potential energy of the breast volume model as a sum of the gravitational potential energy of the plurality of tetrahedra;

determining a total potential energy of the breast volume model, the total potential energy being a sum of the total elastic potential energy and the total gravitational potential energy; and

determining the resting equilibrium position of the breast volume model by minimizing the total potential energy.

8 . The computer-implemented method of claim 7 , wherein the gravitational potential energy is determined based on a weight, a volume, and/or a vertical position of a center of gravity of each tetrahedron of the plurality of tetrahedra.

9 . The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , further comprising:

determining a breast surface model based on the breast volume model, the breast surface model comprising a plurality of triangles common with corresponding surface triangle faces of the plurality of tetrahedra of the breast volume model; and

determining a reference triangle for each triangle of the plurality of triangles of the breast surface model, each reference triangle corresponding to a state of zero strain and zero fiducial total potential energy.

10 . The computer-implemented method of claim 9 , further comprising:

determining a plurality of skin tension lines associated with the breast surface model, wherein the reference triangle for each triangle of the plurality of triangles is based on the plurality of skin tension lines.

11 . The computer-implemented method of claim 9 , further comprising:

determining an elastic potential energy of each triangle of the plurality of triangles of the breast surface model by performing one or more steps comprising:

(a) determining a two-dimensional strain energy by determining a sum of the plurality of triangles of the breast surface model;

(b) determining a bending energy based on an angle of bending of a face of each triangle with respect to faces of neighboring triangles; and/or

(c) determining a curvature energy based on an angle deficit of an angle sum at each vertex of the plurality of triangles of the breast surface model.

12 . The computer-implemented method of claim 9 , wherein minimizing the total energy of the breast volume model uses a gradient descent technique that is accelerated by a momentum method, Nesterov accelerations, and/or by interpolating, smoothing, and/or approximating computed movements to allow movement of the plurality of tetrahedra of the breast volume model and/or the plurality of triangles of the breast surface model, the movements being of an energy less than a predetermined total energy.

13 . The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein minimizing the total energy of the breast volume model uses a gradient descent technique.

14 . The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , further comprising:

expanding breast tissue of the breast volume model by expanding volumes of one or more reference tetrahedra of the plurality of reference tetrahedra associated with the breast volume model, the expanding being based upon a simulation of a surgical injection of fat grafting, wherein minimizing the total energy of the breast volume model is based upon the expanded volumes of the one or more reference tetrahedra.

15 . The computer-implemented method of claim 14 , further comprising simulating a mastopexy procedure by:

determining a volume reduction of breast tissue by reducing volumes of one or more reference tetrahedra of the plurality of reference tetrahedra of the breast volume model, wherein minimizing the total energy of the breast volume model is based on the plurality of tetrahedra.

16 . The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , further comprising:

determining a volume reduction of breast tissue by reducing volumes of one or more reference tetrahedra of the plurality of reference tetrahedra of the breast volume model, wherein minimizing the total energy of the breast volume model is based on the plurality of tetrahedra.

17 . The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , further comprising:

receiving a breast implant model;

determining a total elastic potential energy of the breast implant model; and

determining a resting equilibrium position of the breast implant model by minimizing a total energy of the breast implant model using the total elastic potential energy of the breast implant model.

18 . The computer-implemented method of claim 17 , further comprising:

determining a total potential energy of the breast volume model and the breast implant model; and

determining the resting equilibrium position of the breast volume model and breast implant model by minimizing the total potential energy of breast volume model and breast implant model.

19 . The computer-implemented method of claim 17 , wherein the breast implant model is based on one or more implant parameters chosen from implant size, implant shape, implant surface texture, elasticity of a gel filling material, rheology of a gel filling material, elasticity of a shell of the implant, or a combination thereof.

20 . The computer-implemented method of claim 17 , wherein determining the resting equilibrium position of the breast implant model further comprises positioning the breast implant model against a chest wall model.

21 . The computer-implemented method of claim 17 , further comprising:

determining a plurality of triangles associated with a chest wall model; and

marking the plurality of triangles associated with the chest wall model as fixed.

22 . The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein minimizing the total elastic potential energy of the breast volume model comprises:

determining a direction that reduces energy, to move each tetrahedron of the plurality of tetrahedra of the breast volume model, to a minimum.

23 . The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , further comprising:

displaying the modified three-dimensional model on a display.

24 . The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein the profile data comprises at least one characteristic of the subject chosen from a gravitational tissue relaxation factor, tissue elasticity, skin elasticity, chest wall asymmetry, or a combination thereof.

25 . The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein the profile data is stored in a database.

26 . A system for processing images to determine a modified image, comprising:

at least one data storage device storing instructions for processing images to determine a modified image; and

at least one processor configured to execute the instructions to perform a method comprising:

receiving profile data associated with a subject, the profile data comprising three-dimensional image data corresponding to at least a portion of a torso of the subject;

determining a three-dimensional model based on the profile data;

determining a breast volume model based on the three dimensional model, the breast volume model comprising a plurality of tetrahedra;

determining a reference tetrahedron for each tetrahedron of the plurality of tetrahedra of the breast volume model, each reference tetrahedron corresponding to a state of zero strain and zero fiducial total potential energy;

determining an elastic potential energy of each tetrahedron of the plurality of tetrahedra of the breast volume model;

determining a total elastic potential energy of the breast volume model based on the elastic potential energy of each tetrahedron of the plurality of tetrahedra of the breast volume model;

determining a resting equilibrium position of the breast volume model by minimizing the total elastic potential energy of the breast volume model; and

determining a modified three-dimensional model of at least one breast of the subject based on the resting equilibrium position of the breast volume model.

27 . The system of claim 26 , wherein the at least one data storage device comprises one or more databases storing the profile data.

28 . The system of claim 26 , wherein the system further comprises a display device for displaying the modified three-dimensional model, the display device comprising a screen of a computer, television, projector, tablet device, and/or smartphone.

29 . A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform a method of processing images to determine a modified image, the method including:

receiving profile data associated with a subject, the profile data comprising three-dimensional image data corresponding to at least a portion of a torso of the subject;

determining a three-dimensional model based on the profile data;

determining a breast volume model based on the three dimensional model, the breast volume model comprising a plurality of tetrahedra;

determining a reference tetrahedron for each tetrahedron of the plurality of tetrahedra of the breast volume model, each reference tetrahedron corresponding to a state of zero strain and zero fiducial total potential energy;

determining an elastic potential energy of each tetrahedron of the plurality of tetrahedra of the breast volume model;

determining a total elastic potential energy of the breast volume model based on the elastic potential energy of each tetrahedron of the plurality of tetrahedra of the breast volume model;

determining a resting equilibrium position of the breast volume model by minimizing the total elastic potential energy of the breast volume model; and

determining a modified three-dimensional model of at least one breast of the subject based on the resting equilibrium position of the breast volume model.

30 . A system for processing images to determine a modified image, comprising:

at least one data storage device storing instructions for processing images to determine a modified image; and

at least one processor configured to execute the instructions to perform a method comprising steps of any of claims 1 through 25 .

31 . A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform a method of processing images to determine a modified image, the method comprising steps of any of claims 1 through 25 .