Conductive long fiber thermoplastic compounds for electromagnetic shielding
Thermoplastic compounds in the form of a pellet include thermoplastic resin and conductive fibers. The conductive fibers are enveloped by the thermoplastic resin and distributed within the pellet such that each of at least a portion of the conductive fibers is substantially surrounded by the thermoplastic resin and thereby substantially separated from physical contact with any other of the conductive fibers. Additionally, at least a portion of the conductive fibers includes long fibers. The thermoplastic compound, when molded at a thickness of about 3.2 mm, has an electromagnetic shielding effectiveness across a range of frequencies from about 0.5 GHz to about 2.0 GHz of at least about 60 dB according to ASTM D4935, which makes the thermoplastic compound useful for molding thermoplastic articles for shielding against electromagnetic interference.
1. A thermoplastic compound in the form of a pellet, the thermoplastic compound comprising:
(a) thermoplastic resin; and
(b) conductive fibers enveloped by the thermoplastic resin and distributed within the pellet such that each of at least 50% of the conductive fibers is substantially surrounded by the thermoplastic resin and thereby substantially separated from physical contact with any other of the conductive fibers;
wherein the pellet has a pellet length and each of the conductive fibers has a fiber length, and wherein the fiber length of each of at least a portion of the conductive fibers is substantially equivalent to the pellet length; and
wherein the thermoplastic compound, when molded at a thickness of about 3.2 mm, has an electromagnetic shielding effectiveness across a range of frequencies from about 0.5 GHz to about 2.0 GHz of at least about 60 dB according to ASTM D4935.
2. The thermoplastic compound of claim 1 , wherein each of at least about 99% of the conductive fibers is substantially surrounded by the thermoplastic resin and thereby substantially separated from physical contact with any other of the conductive fibers.
3. The thermoplastic compound of claim 1 , each of at least the portion of the conductive fibers is oriented such that the fiber length is substantially parallel to the pellet length.
4. The thermoplastic compound of claim 1 , wherein the fiber length of each of at least about 50% of the conductive fibers is substantially equivalent to the pellet length and each of at least about 50% of the conductive fibers is oriented such that the fiber length is substantially parallel to the pellet length.
5. The thermoplastic compound of claim 1 , wherein the fiber length of each of at least about 99% of the conductive fibers is substantially equivalent to the pellet length and each of at least about 99% of the conductive fibers is oriented such that the fiber length is substantially parallel to the pellet length.
6. The thermoplastic compound of claim 3 , wherein the pellet length ranges from about 5 mm to about 30 mm.
7. The thermoplastic compound of claim 3 , wherein the pellet length ranges from about 6 mm to about 12 mm.
8. The thermoplastic compound of claim 1 , wherein each of the conductive fibers consists of either a single filament or a bundle of two or more filaments.
9. The thermoplastic compound of claim 1 , wherein the conductive fibers are selected from metal fibers, metal-coated fibers, metal-hybrid fibers, or combinations thereof.
10. The thermoplastic compound of claim 9 , wherein the metal fibers are selected from fibers comprising aluminum, chromium, cobalt, copper, gold, iron, nickel, silver, stainless steel, tin, tungsten, zinc, alloys thereof, and combinations thereof.
11. The thermoplastic compound of claim 9 , wherein each of the metal-coated fibers comprises a non-metal fiber coated with a metal, wherein the non-metal fiber is selected from fiber of acrylic, aramid, carbon, nylon, polyester, polyolefin, and combinations thereof, and the metal is selected from aluminum, chromium, cobalt, copper, gold, iron, nickel, silver, stainless steel, tin, tungsten, zinc, alloys thereof, and combinations thereof.
12. The thermoplastic compound of claim 1 , wherein the conductive fibers are selected from stainless steel fibers, nickel-coated carbon fibers, and combinations thereof.
13. The thermoplastic compound of claim 1 , wherein the thermoplastic resin is selected from polyacetals, polyacrylates, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polyamides, polyaliphaticetherketones, polyaryletherketones, polycarbonates, polyesters, polyimides, polyolefins, polyphenylene ethers, polystyrenes, polysulfones, polyurethanes, polyvinyl halides, thermoplastic elastomers, and combinations thereof.
14. The thermoplastic compound of claim 1 , wherein the thermoplastic resin is selected from nylon-6, nylon-6,6, polycarbonate, polybutylene terephthalate, high density polyethylene, polypropylene, syndiotactic polystyrene, and combinations thereof.
15. The thermoplastic compound of claim 1 , wherein the thermoplastic compound has a specific gravity of about 2.0 or less.
16. The thermoplastic compound of claim 1 , wherein the thermoplastic compound has a specific gravity of about 1.8 or less.
17. The thermoplastic compound of claim 1 , wherein the conductive fibers are present in an amount from about 5 to about 50 percent by weight of the thermoplastic compound.
18. The thermoplastic compound of claim 17 , wherein the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness across a range of frequencies from about 0.5 GHz to about 2.0 GHz is at least about 80 dB according to ASTM D4935.
19. The thermoplastic compound of claim 17 , wherein the conductive fibers are present in an amount from about 10 to about 35 percent by weight of the thermoplastic compound; wherein the conductive fibers are selected from stainless steel fibers, nickel-coated carbon fibers, and combinations thereof; and wherein the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness across a range of frequencies from about 0.5 GHz to about 2.0 GHz is at least about 90 dB according to ASTM D4935.
20. The thermoplastic compound of claim 17 , wherein the conductive fibers are present in an amount from about 12 to about 17 percent by weight of the thermoplastic compound; wherein the conductive fibers are selected from stainless steel fibers, nickel-coated carbon fibers, and combinations thereof; and wherein the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness across a range of frequencies from about 0.5 GHz to about 2.0 GHz is at least about 90 dB according to ASTM D4935.
21. The thermoplastic compound of claim 1 , further comprising one or more additives selected from antioxidants and stabilizers; colorants; flame retardants; flow promoters; impact modifiers; processing aids; release agents; ultraviolet light absorbers; and combinations thereof.
22. A thermoplastic article for shielding electromagnetic interference, wherein the thermoplastic article is molded from the thermoplastic compound of claim 1 .
23. A method of making the thermoplastic compound of claim 1 , the method comprising the steps of:
(a) heating the thermoplastic resin to provide a resin melt;
(b) spreading the conductive fibers to provide two or more physically separated tows of the conductive fibers;
(c) pulling the physically separated tows of the conductive fibers through the resin melt to provide resin-enveloped conductive fibers;
(d) cooling the resin-enveloped conductive fibers to provide the thermoplastic compound in the form of a pultruded profile; and
(e) cutting the pultruded profile to provide the thermoplastic compound in the form of the pellet.
24. The method of claim 23 , wherein the step of spreading comprises threading the conductive fibers through a fiber spreader component or guiding the conductive fibers over a fiber spreader component in a pultrusion process.