Inductively coupled plasma torch with reverse vortex flow and method of operation
We describe in this application the analysis of samples using elemental or mass spectrometry and the analysis of samples, such as biological samples by suspension mass cytometry or imaging mass cytometry and an inductively coupled plasma torch with reverse vortex flow for elemental analysis and a method of operating an ICP torch configured to interface with a spectrometer.
1. An inductively coupled plasma (ICP) torch for spectrometry, the ICP torch comprising:
a first end for inputting a sample for ionization;
a second end for exhausting the sample in an ionized state;
a torch wall connecting the first end to the second end;
at least one vortex flow inlet positioned at the second end for inputting a gas to cause a reverse vortex flow within the torch during use; and
an injector extending from the first end of the torch into the torch for introducing the sample into a plasma for ionization, the plasma located between the first end and the second end.
2. The ICP torch of claim 1 , wherein the sample is a biological sample.
3. The ICP torch of claim 1 , wherein the torch comprises at least one excess flow removal outlet for allowing excess gas to exit the torch.
4. The ICP torch of claim 3 wherein the at least one excess flow removal outlet is positioned at the first end of the torch.
5. The ICP torch of claim 3 wherein the at least one excess flow removal outlet is positioned at the second end of the torch.
6. The ICP torch of claim 3 , further comprising a partial flow removal system, which is optionally a recycling system, for removing excess flow through the at least one excess flow removal outlet and/or at a sampler cone.
7. The ICP torch of claim 6 wherein the partial flow removal system comprises a compressor and/or a pump.
8. The ICP torch of claim 2 , further comprising a filtering system for filtering removed gas.
9. The ICP torch of claim 3 , further comprising a recycling system for returning gas from the at least one excess flow removal outlet to the at least one vortex flow inlet.
10. The ICP torch of claim 1 , wherein the cross-section of the torch wall between the first end and the second end is non-uniform.
11. The ICP torch of claim 10 wherein the torch wall tapers from one of the first end and the second end to the other of the first end and the second end to form a truncated conical shape.
12. The ICP torch of claim 11 wherein the torch wall tapers from the first end to the second end.
13. The ICP torch of claim 11 wherein the torch wall tapers from the second end to the first end.
14. The ICP torch of claim 1 , wherein the ICP torch comprises an induction coil having a non-uniform cross section.
15. The ICP torch of claim 1 , wherein the torch wall comprises a light reflective coating for returning heat to the plasma.
16. The ICP torch of claim 15 wherein the light reflective coating comprises one or more of: a light reflecting ceramic and dielectric reflective coating.
17. The ICP torch of claim 1 , wherein the injector comprises an injector input end and an injector output end; wherein the length of the injector from the injector input end to the injector output end is 20 cm or less.
18. The ICP torch of claim 17 wherein the injector is comprised of quartz or metal, for example metal.
19. The ICP torch of claim 2 , further comprising a sampler cone positioned at the second end of the torch, the sampler cone configured to provide an interface with a detector for detecting ionised material from the ICP torch; optionally wherein the detector is a TOF mass spectrometer.
20. The ICP torch of claim 19 , wherein an excess gas flow removal outlet is located between the second end of the ICP torch and the sampler cone to form an excess flow removal channel.
21. The ICP torch of claim 1 , further comprising a cooling system configured to cool one or more of the torch wall, the at least one vortex flow inlet, the first end of the ICP torch, a sampler cone, and an induction coil of the ICP torch.
22. The ICP torch of claim 1 , wherein, in use, the transient time of the sample in the ICP torch is shorter than 1000 μs.
23. An analytical apparatus comprising the ICP torch of claim 1 , further comprising a particle suspension sampler configured to provide the sample to the first end of the ICP torch; wherein the apparatus is a mass cytometer.
24. An apparatus comprising the ICP torch of claim 1 , further comprising a laser ablation based sampler configured to provide the sample to the first end of the ICP torch; wherein the apparatus is an imaging mass cytometer.
25. The ICP torch of claim 1 wherein a length of the ICP torch from the first end to the second end is less than 20 cm.
26. The ICP torch of claim 1 wherein the injector comprises an internal diameter of 1 mm or narrower.
27. The ICP torch of claim 1 wherein the sample for ionization is an ablated sample plume for ionization, wherein the injector is configured to introduce the ablated sample plume into the plasma torch for ionization.
28. The ICP torch of claim 1 wherein the reverse vortex flow extends from the first end to the second end.
29. The ICP torch of claim 1 wherein a gas flow through the ICP torch is 20 standard liters per minute or less.