Method for forming a three-dimensional article by fusion of a powdered medium in a powder bed

1. A method for forming a three-dimensional article by powder bed fusion, the method comprising:

(a) distributing a first layer of a powdered medium over a powder bed;

(b) heating the first layer of the powdered medium distributed over said powder bed to a temperature below a melting point of the powdered medium;

(c) projecting an image of a first cross-sectional layer of the three-dimensional article on the first layer of the powdered medium distributed over said powder bed, wherein a projected image of the first cross-sectional layer is created by spatial light modulation of a first laser beam and projection of a resulting light modulated laser beam through a first optical path onto the first layer of the powdered medium, said light modulated laser beam having sufficient energy to fuse a portion of the powdered medium in locations in the powder bed corresponding to said image of the first cross-sectional layer of the three-dimensional article so as to form a fused portion of the first layer of said powdered medium having a shape corresponding to said image of the first cross-sectional layer of the three-dimensional article;

(d) distributing a second layer of the powdered medium over the first layer of the powdered medium, and repeating steps (b) and (c) for the second layer and an image of a second cross-sectional layer of the three-dimensional article, respectively, so as to form a fused portion of the second layer of said powdered medium having a shape corresponding to said image of the second cross-sectional layer of the three-dimensional article; and

(e) further repeating step (d) for additional layers of the powdered medium, each individual one of said additional layers being distributed over an immediately preceding layer of the powdered medium, additional fused portions of respective ones of the additional layers, and additional images of respective additional cross-sectional layers of the three-dimensional article, so as to form the three-dimensional article,

wherein, for each image of a respective cross-sectional layer of the three-dimensional article, spatial light modulation of the first laser beam comprises generating a representation of the image of the respective cross-sectional layer of the three-dimensional article on a first liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) panel, directing the first laser beam to be incident on the representation of the image of the respective cross-sectional layer, and using a portion of the first laser beam reflected or transmitted from the representation of the image of the respective cross-sectional layer on the first LCoS panel as the spatially light modulated laser beam, the method further comprising:

projecting respective second images of each respective cross-sectional layer of the three-dimensional article on the respective layers of the powdered medium distributed over said powder bed through a second optical path onto said respective layers of the powdered medium,

wherein said projecting of the respective second images comprises one of:

spatial light modulating a second laser beam using a second LCoS panel, a digital micromirror device, or diffractive optics, and projecting a resulting second spatially light modulated laser beam through the second optical path, or

directing a second laser beam with a mirror galvanometer and projecting a resulting second laser beam through the second optical path,

wherein the first and second laser beams are formed from a common laser beam using a polarizing beam splitter, and

wherein the first LCoS panel is configured to receive the first laser beam from the polarizing beam splitter.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein qualities of portions of respective projected images of the cross-sectional layers of the three-dimensional article at the powder bed are controlled by monitoring measured power or temperature distribution on the respective projected images during the projecting of the image and fusing of the powdered medium with one or more imaging devices, and adjusting (i) gray level portions of corresponding respective images of the cross-sectional layers of the three-dimensional article, or (ii) time of fusing the powdered medium, to ensure said power intensities are sufficiently high enough to fuse the powdered medium without overmelting it.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein for one or more of the layers of the powdered medium, the respective image of the respective cross-sectional layer of the three-dimensional article is gray level-adjusted from an original version thereof according to image analysis of the respective image of the respective cross-sectional layer of the three-dimensional article before the projection of the respective image and fusion of the powdered medium.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the heating of the respective layers of the powdered medium distributed over said powder bed is performed by heating the powdered medium distributed over said powder bed to a first temperature by an infra-red heating element, and heating the powdered medium distributed over said powder bed to a second temperature higher than the first temperature by directing the second laser beam towards the powder bed through the second optical path that includes a spatial light modulator.