Battery system optimization for eVTOL aircraft
An electrical system provides propulsive power to a rotor system of an eVTOL aircraft. The electrical system includes a power battery system having a plurality of power cells and a power battery management system. An energy battery system includes a plurality of energy cells and an energy battery management system in communication with the power battery management system. A distribution system electrically couples the power battery system and the energy battery system to at least one electric motor that drives the rotor system. In a takeoff and landing power mode of the eVTOL aircraft, both the power battery system and the energy battery system provide electrical power to the at least one electric motor. In a cruise power mode of the eVTOL aircraft, the energy battery system provides electrical power to the at least one electric motor and to the power battery system to recharge the power cells.
1. An electrical system configured to provide propulsive power to a rotor system of an eVTOL aircraft having a takeoff and landing power mode and a cruise power mode, the electrical system comprising:
a power battery system including a plurality of power cells and a power battery management system including a power battery DC-to-DC converter, the power cells having a power battery voltage;
an energy battery system including a plurality of energy cells and an energy battery system including an energy battery DC-to-DC converter, the energy cells having an energy battery voltage, the energy battery management system in communication with the power battery management system;
at least one electric motor configured to drive the rotor system, the electric motor having an operating voltage; and
a distribution system electrically coupling the power battery system and the energy battery system to the at least one electric motor, the distribution system having a distribution voltage;
wherein, the power battery system is connected in parallel to the energy battery system;
wherein, in the takeoff and landing power mode, the energy battery DC-to-DC converter is configured to upconvert the energy battery voltage to the distribution voltage and the power battery DC-to-DC converter is configured to upconvert the power battery voltage to the distribution voltage so that both the power battery system and the energy battery system provide electrical power to the at least one electric motor; and
wherein, in the cruise power mode, the energy battery DC-to-DC converter is configured to upconvert the energy battery voltage to the distribution voltage and the power battery DC-to-DC converter is configured to downconvert the distribution voltage to the power battery voltage so that the energy battery system provides electrical power to the at least one electric motor and to the power battery system to recharge the power cells.
2. The electrical system as recited in claim 1 wherein the power battery management system is configured to provide short circuit protection, over-charge protection, over-discharge protection and over-current protection to the power cells.
3. The electrical system as recited in claim 1 wherein the energy battery management system is configured to provide short circuit protection, over-discharge protection and over-current protection to the energy cells.
4. The electrical system as recited in claim 1 wherein the power battery management system further comprises a controller configured to allow discharge of the power cells during the takeoff and landing power mode and to selectively allow charging of the power cells during the cruise power mode.
5. The electrical system as recited in claim 4 wherein the controller further comprises a switch configured to selectively connect and disconnect electrical communication with the power cells.
6. The electrical system as recited in claim 5 wherein the switch further comprises an electromechanical switch.
7. The electrical system as recited in claim 5 wherein the switch further comprises a solid state switch.
8. The electrical system as recited in claim 1 wherein the energy battery management system further comprises a controller.
9. The electrical system as recited in claim 1 wherein a voltage of the power battery voltage system in a fully charged state is greater than a voltage of the energy battery voltage system in a fully charged state.
10. The electrical system as recited in claim 1 wherein, in the cruise power mode, the energy battery system provides electrical power to the power battery system to recharge the power cells when a voltage of the energy battery voltage system is greater than a voltage of the power battery voltage system.
11. The electrical system as recited in claim 1 wherein a voltage of the energy battery voltage system in a fully charged state is greater than a voltage of the power battery voltage system in a fully charged state.
12. The electrical system as recited in claim 1 wherein a the distribution voltage of the distribution system and an the operating voltage of the at least one electric motor are higher than a voltage of the power battery voltage system in a fully charged state and a voltage of the energy battery voltage system in a fully charged state.
13. An eVTOL aircraft having a takeoff and landing power mode and a cruise power mode, the eVTOL aircraft comprising:
a rotor system having at least one electric motor, the electric motor having an operating voltage;
a power battery system including a plurality of power cells and a power battery management system including a power battery DC-to-DC converter, the power cells having a power battery voltage;
an energy battery system including a plurality of energy cells and an energy battery management system including an energy battery DC-to-DC converter, the energy cells having an energy battery voltage, the energy battery management system in communication with the power battery management system; and
a distribution system electrically coupling the power battery system and the energy battery system to the at least one electric motor, the distribution system having a distribution voltage;
wherein, the power battery system is connected in parallel to the energy battery system;
wherein, in the takeoff and landing power mode, the energy battery DC-to-DC converter is configured to upconvert the energy battery voltage to the distribution voltage and the power battery DC-to-DC converter is configured to upconvert the power battery voltage to the distribution voltage such that both the power battery system and the energy battery system provide electrical power to the at least one electric motor; and
wherein, in the cruise power mode, the energy battery DC-to-DC converter is configured to upconvert the energy battery voltage to the distribution voltage and the power battery DC-to-DC converter is configured to downconvert the distribution voltage to the power battery voltage so that the energy battery system provides electrical power to the at least one electric motor and to the power battery system to recharge the power cells.
14. The eVTOL aircraft as recited in claim 13 wherein the eVTOL aircraft is an air taxi configured for autonomous flight.
15. The eVTOL aircraft as recited in claim 13 wherein the power battery management system is configured to provide short circuit protection, over-charge protection, over-discharge protection and over-current protection to the power cells.
16. The eVTOL aircraft as recited in claim 13 wherein the energy battery management system is configured to provide short circuit protection, over-discharge protection and over-current protection to the energy cells.
17. The eVTOL aircraft as recited in claim 13 wherein the power battery voltage in a fully charged state is greater than the energy battery voltage in a fully charged state.
18. The eVTOL aircraft as recited in claim 13 wherein, in the cruise power mode, the energy battery system provides electrical power to the power battery system to recharge the power cells when the energy battery voltage is greater than the power battery voltage.
19. The eVTOL aircraft as recited in claim 13 wherein the energy battery voltage in a fully charged state is greater than the power battery voltage in a fully charged state.
20. The eVTOL aircraft as recited in claim 13 wherein the distribution voltage of the distribution system and the operating voltage of the at least one electric motor are higher than the power battery voltage in a fully charged state and the energy battery voltage in a fully charged state.