Electrodes for energy storage devices
An electrode active layer is disclosed that includes a network of high aspect ratio carbon elements (e.g., carbon nanotubes, carbon nanotube bundles, graphene flakes, or the like) that provides a highly electrically conductive scaffold that entangles or enmeshes the active material, thereby supporting the layer. A surface treatment can be applied to the high aspect ratio carbon elements to promote adhesion to the active material and any underlying electrode layers improving the overall cohesion and mechanical stability of the active layer. This surface treatment forms only a thin (in some cases even monomolecular) layer on the network, leaving the large void spaces that are free of any bulk binder material and so may instead be filled with active material. The resulting active layer may be formed with excellent mechanical stability even at large thickness and high active material mass loading.
1. An energy storage cell comprising:
a first electrode;
a second electrode;
a permeable separator disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode; and an electrolyte wetting the first and second electrodes; wherein at least one of the first electrode or the second electrode comprises:
a current collector; upon which is disposed an electrode active layer; the electrode active layer comprising:
a network of high aspect ratio carbon elements defining void spaces within the network; wherein the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements include elongated rod or fiber shaped elements having one major dimension and two minor dimensions and wherein the ratio of the length of the major dimension is at least 5 times or more of that of each of the minor dimensions;
a plurality of electrode active material particles disposed in the void spaces within the network and enmeshed in the network; and
a surface treatment on a surface of the high aspect ratio carbon elements which promotes adhesion between the high aspect ratio carbon elements and the active material particles; wherein the surface treatment material comprises a surfactant; and wherein the surfactant is an ionic surfactant compound that comprises at least one selected from the list consisting of hexadecyltrimethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, hexadecyltrimethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, cocamidopropyl betaine hexadecyltrimethylammonium acetate, and hexadecyltrimethylammonium nitrate.
2. The energy storage cell of claim 1 , wherein the active material particles comprise lithium metal oxides.
3. The energy storage cell of claim 2 , wherein the lithium metal oxides are lithium cobalt oxide, a lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, a lithium manganese oxide, a lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide a lithium titanate oxide, a lithium iron phosphate oxide, or a lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide.
4. The energy storage cell of claim 3 , wherein the lithium cobalt oxide is LiCoO 2 , the lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide is LiNiMnCo; the lithium manganese oxide is LiMn 2 O 4 or Li 2 MnO 3 , the lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide is LiNiCoAlO 2 , the lithium titanate oxide is Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , and the lithium iron phosphate oxide is LiFePO 4 .
5. The energy storage cell of claim 3 , wherein the lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide is LiNi x Mn y Co 1-x-y O 2 , where x is equal to or greater than 0.7 and wherein y is 0.1.
6. The energy storage cell of claim 3 , wherein the lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide is LiNi 0.33 Mn 0.33 Co 0.33 O 2 , LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 O 2 , or LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 .
7. The energy storage cell of claim 1 , wherein the high aspect ratio carbon elements comprise at least one of carbon nanotubes and carbon nanotube bundles.
8. The energy storage cell of claim 1 , wherein the network is at least ninety nine percent carbon by weight and exhibits electrical connectivity above a percolation threshold, wherein the network defines one or more highly electrically conductive pathways having a length greater than 100 μm.
9. The energy storage cell of claim 1 , wherein the surfactant forms a surfactant layer that is bonded to the carbon elements and comprises a plurality of surfactant elements each having a hydrophobic end and a hydrophilic end, wherein the hydrophobic end is disposed proximal to a surface of the carbon elements and the hydrophilic end is disposed distal to said surface of the carbon elements.
10. The energy storage cell of claim 1 , wherein the surfactant provides functional groups which promote adhesion of the active material particles to the network.
11. The energy storage cell of claim 1 , wherein the surfactant comprises a hydrophilic end that has a polar charge of a first polarity and wherein the active material particle carries a polar charge of a second polarity opposite that of the first polarity.
12. The energy storage cell of claim 1 , wherein the surfactant comprises ions formed from dissolving an ionic compound in a solvent.
13. The energy storage cell of claim 1 , wherein the electrode active layer comprises residual counter ions to surfactant ions obtained from the surfactant; wherein the surfactant is an ionic surfactant and wherein the surfactant ions are formed by dissolving the ionic surfactant compound in a solvent.
14. An electrode comprising:
a current collector upon which is disposed an electrode active layer; wherein the electrode active layer comprises:
a network of high aspect ratio carbon elements defining void spaces within the network; wherein the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements include elongated rod or fiber shaped elements having one major dimension and two minor dimensions and wherein the ratio of the length of the major dimension is at least 5 times or more of that of each of the minor dimensions;
a plurality of electrode active material particles disposed in the void spaces within the network and enmeshed in the network; and
a surface treatment on a surface of the high aspect ratio carbon elements which promotes adhesion between the high aspect ratio carbon elements and the active material particles; wherein the surface treatment material comprises a surfactant; and wherein the surfactant is an ionic surfactant compound that comprises at least one selected from the list consisting of hexadecyltrimethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, hexadecyltrimethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, cocamidopropyl betaine hexadecyltrimethylammonium acetate, and hexadecyltrimethylammonium nitrate.
15. The energy storage cell of claim 14 , wherein the active material particles comprise lithium metal oxides.
16. The energy storage cell of claim 15 , wherein the lithium metal oxides are lithium cobalt oxide, a lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, a lithium manganese oxide, a lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide, a lithium titanate oxide, a lithium iron phosphate oxide, or a lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide.
17. The energy storage cell of claim 16 , wherein the lithium cobalt oxide is LiCoO 2 , the lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide is LiNiMnCoO 2 ; the lithium manganese oxide is LiMn 2 O 4 or Li 2 MnO 3 , the lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide is LiNiCoAlO 2 , the lithium titanate oxide is Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , and the lithium iron phosphate oxide is LiFePO 4 .
18. The energy storage cell of claim 16 , wherein the lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide is LiNi x Mn y Co 1-x-y O 2 , where x is equal to or greater than 0.7 and wherein y is 0.1.
19. The energy storage cell of claim 16 , wherein the lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide is LiNi 0.33 Mn 0.33 Co 0.33 O 2 , LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 O 2 , or LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 .
20. The energy storage cell of claim 14 , wherein the high aspect ratio carbon elements comprise at least one of carbon nanotubes and carbon nanotube bundles.
21. The energy storage cell of claim 14 , wherein the network is at least ninety nine percent carbon by weight and exhibits electrical connectivity above a percolation threshold, wherein the network defines one or more highly electrically conductive pathways having a length greater than 100 μm.
22. The energy storage cell of claim 14 , wherein the surfactant forms a surfactant layer that is bonded to the carbon elements and comprises a plurality of surfactant elements each having a hydrophobic end and a hydrophilic end, wherein the hydrophobic end is disposed proximal to a surface of the carbon elements and the hydrophilic end is disposed distal to said surface of the carbon elements.
23. The energy storage cell of claim 14 , wherein the surfactant provides functional groups which promote adhesion of the active material particles to the network.
24. The energy storage cell of claim 14 , wherein the surfactant comprises a hydrophilic end that has a polar charge of a first polarity and wherein the active material particle carries a polar charge of a second polarity opposite that of the first polarity.
25. The energy storage cell of claim 14 , wherein the surfactant comprises ions formed from dissolving an ionic compound in a solvent.
26. The energy storage cell of claim 14 , wherein the electrode active layer comprises residual counter ions to surfactant ions obtained from the surfactant; wherein the surfactant is an ionic surfactant and wherein the surfactant ions are formed by dissolving the ionic surfactant compound in a solvent.