Wearable-based health state verification for physical access authorization
Embodiments disclosed herein involve a wearable-based system that can help determine in a privacy-preserving manner whether a user is healthy (and thus poses low risk of contagiousness), and use determinations of this nature to grant passage through a doorway. In one embodiment, a wearable device takes measurements of a user comprising a photoplethysmogram signal (PPG signal) and a temperature measurement. A computer calculates a health score based on a difference between baseline measurements of the user, measured one or more days earlier, and more current measurements of the user. Additionally, the computer calculates an extent of similarity between characteristics of the PPG signal in the current measurements and characteristics of the PPG signal in the baseline measurements. The computer authorizes the user's passage through the doorway responsive to the health score reaching a first threshold and the extent of the similarity reaching a second threshold.
1. A system configured to grant passage through a doorway based on health state, comprising:
a wearable device comprising: a first sensor configured to measure a signal indicative of a photoplethysmogram signal (PPG signal) of a user, and a second sensor configured to measure a temperature of the user, and
a computer configured to:
receive current measurements of the user, taken with the wearable device;
receive baseline measurements of the user, taken with the wearable device on one or more earlier days;
calculate a health score based on a difference between the baseline measurements and the current measurements;
calculate an extent of similarity between characteristics of the PPG signal in the current measurements and characteristics of the PPG signal in the baseline measurements; and
transmit an authorization signal responsive to the health score reaching a first threshold and the extent of the similarity reaching a second threshold; whereby transmission of the authorization signal indicates a health state of the user permits passage through the doorway.
2. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a controller configured to command an automatic door to open and/or unlock, permitting the passage through the doorway, responsive to receiving the authorization signal; wherein the automatic door comprises a barrier that restricts the passage through the doorway when the automatic door is in a closed and/or locked position.
3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the controller is further configured to command the automatic door to close and/or remain shut, thereby restricting the passage through the doorway, responsive to detecting that the user has passed through the doorway and/or not receiving an additional transmission of the authorization signal within a predetermined time.
4. The system of claim 2 , wherein the automatic door belongs to a vehicle, and commanding the automatic door to open unlocks the door and/or moves the door to an open position, enabling the user to enter the cabin of the vehicle.
5. The system of claim 2 , wherein the automatic door is an entrance door to a room and/or building, and commanding the automatic door to open unlocks the door and/or moves the door to an open position, enabling the user to enter the interior of the room and/or building.
6. The system of claim 2 , wherein the automatic door is a gate comprising a turnstile or a revolving door, and commanding the automatic door to open enables the turnstile or the revolving door to revolve and/or revolving the turnstile or the revolving door, enabling the user to pass through the gate.
7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the computer is further configured to transmit a second signal responsive to the health score not reaching the first threshold and/or the extent of the similarity not reaching the second threshold.
8. The system of claim 7 , further comprising a controller configured to command an automatic door to close and/or remain shut, thereby restricting the passage through the doorway, responsive to receiving the second signal.
9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the authorization signal does not include information identifying the user.
10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the current measurements are taken over a duration of at least five minutes.
11. The system of claim 1 , wherein calculation of the health score by the computer comprises: calculating, based on the baseline measurements, an expected value of a physiological signal of the user; calculating, based on the current measurements, a current value of the physiological signal; and calculating the health score based on a difference between the expected value and the current value.
12. The system of claim 11 , wherein the physiological signal is body temperature, and the calculating of the health score utilizes a function that returns a value that is below the first threshold when a current body temperature is greater than an expected body temperature by at least a certain margin; and wherein the certain margin is at least 0.4° C.
13. The system of claim 11 , wherein calculating the current value of the physiological signal comprises: generating feature values based on the current measurements, and utilizing a model to calculate, based on the feature values, the current value of the physiological signal; and wherein the model was generated from training data comprising: previous measurements of the user taken with the wearable device, and values of the physiological signal obtained utilizing a sensor that is not part of the wearable device.
14. The system of claim 11 , further comprising a movement sensor, physically coupled to the wearable device, configured to measure a signal indicative of movements of the user; wherein calculating the current value of the physiological signal comprises: generating feature values based on the current measurements and the signal indicative of movements of the user, and utilizing a model to calculate the current value of the physiological signal; and wherein one or more of the feature values are indicative of an extent of movements of the user while the current measurements were taken.
15. The system of claim 1 , wherein the computer is further configured to: determine, based on the measurements taken with the wearable device, whether the wearable device was removed from the user's body while the current measurements were taken or after the current measurements were taken, and responsive to making a determination that he wearable device has been removed, to refrain from transmitting the authorization signal.
16. The system of claim 15 , wherein the computer is further configured to perform the following steps responsive to making the determination that the wearable device was removed:
receive additional measurements of the user, taken at most three hours after the current measurements were taken;
calculate an additional similarity between characteristics of the PPG signal in the current measurements and characteristics of the PPG signal in the additional measurements; and
transmit the authorization signal responsive to the health score reaching the first threshold and the additional similarity reaching the second threshold; whereby the additional similarity reaching the second threshold is indicative of a probability that the current measurements and the additional measurements are of the same person is above a predetermined threshold.
17. The system of claim 1 , wherein the computer is further configured to:
receive additional measurements of the user;
calculate an additional extent of similarity between characteristics of the PPG signal in the additional measurements and characteristics of the PPG signal in the baseline measurements;
calculate an additional health score based on a difference between the baseline measurements and the additional measurements; and
responsive to the extent of similarity reaching the second threshold, report the additional health score to the user and/or providing the user with an indication of whether the health state of the user permits passage through the doorway.
18. The system of claim 1 , wherein the computer is further configured to: generate feature values based on data comprising the current measurements and the baseline measurements, and utilize a model to calculate, based on the feature values, the health score; and wherein the model is generated based on training data comprising a first set of training measurements of a plurality of users taken while the plurality of users were healthy and a second set of training measurements of the plurality of users taken while the plurality of users were not healthy.
19. The system of claim 18 , further comprising a temperature sensor configured to measure temperature of the environment (T env ); wherein the computer is further configured to generate one or more of the feature values based on first and second values of Ten measured while the baseline measurements and the current measurements were taken, respectively, and to utilize the one or more of the feature values to calculate the health score; whereby the one or more of the feature values are indicative of a change to T env between when the baseline measurements were taken and when the current measurements were taken.
20. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first sensor is a video camera configured to capture images of a skin region on the user's head, and calculating the extent of similarity between the characteristics of the PPG signal in the current measurements and the characteristics of the PPG signal in the baseline measurements comprises calculating an extent of similarity between imaging photoplethysmography signals recognizable in images belonging to the current measurements and imaging photoplethysmography signals recognizable in images belonging to the baseline measurements.