Waveguide geometry for improved display performance
The present invention features new waveguide layouts for input, redirection (expansion), and output holograms that minimize cross talk between colors and allow all three colors to reside in a single waveguide. The use of multiple incoupling holograms that diffract different colors of light in different directions, or along different paths, through a waveguide substrate advantageously provides for a reduction of cross-talk between the colors of a holographic image. In a square-shaped design, red, green, and blue input and output holograms approximately overlay on top of each other. The green redirection hologram is laterally separated from the red and blue redirection holograms. Using this square-shape design, the light beams for the three colors are separated into two paths propagating from input to output holograms.
1. A waveguide comprising:
a. an optically transparent substrate having top and bottom surfaces; and
b. a plurality of optical elements optically coupled with the substrate, the plurality of optical elements comprising:
i. a first incoupling optical element configured to incouple a first light beam into the substrate such that the first light beam propagates through the substrate along a first primary beam path;
ii. a first outcoupling optical element configured to outcouple the first light beam from the substrate;
iii. a first redirection optical element configured to redirect the first light beam such that the first light beam propagates through the substrate toward the first outcoupling optical element along a first secondary beam path;
iv. a second incoupling optical element configured to incouple a second light beam into the substrate such that the second light beam propagates through the substrate along a second primary beam path;
v. a second outcoupling optical element configured to outcouple the second light beam from the substrate;
vi. a second redirection optical element configured to redirect the second light beam such that the second light beam propagates through the substrate toward the second outcoupling optical element along a second secondary beam path;
vii. a third incoupling optical element configured to incouple a third light beam into the substrate such that the third light beam propagates through the substrate along a third primary beam path;
viii. a third outcoupling optical element configured to outcouple the third light beam from the substrate; and
ix. a third redirection optical element that forms a stack with the second redirection optical element and that is configured to redirect the third light beam such that the third light beam propagates through the substrate toward the third outcoupling optical element along a third secondary beam path that is parallel to the second secondary beam path, wherein the third redirection optical element and the second redirection optical element are separate from the first redirection optical element;
wherein the first, second, and third outcoupling optical elements are overlapping, the first, second, and third incoupling optical elements are non-overlapping,
wherein at least the first and second outcoupling optical elements form a stack of optical elements, the stack having a first side and a second side that is adjacent to the first side, the first secondary beam path being incident to the first side and the third secondary beam path being incident to the second side, and
wherein the first secondary beam path intersects with the first side, and the third secondary beam path intersects with the second side.
2. The waveguide of claim 1 , wherein the second and third primary beam paths are both orthogonal to the first primary beam path, and the second and third secondary beam paths are both orthogonal to the first secondary beam path.
3. A waveguide comprising:
a. an optically transparent substrate having top and bottom surfaces; and
b. a plurality of optical elements optically coupled with the substrate, the plurality of optical elements comprising:
i. a first incoupling optical element configured to incouple a first light beam into the substrate such that the first light beam propagates through the substrate along a first primary beam path;
ii. a second incoupling optical element configured to incouple a second light beam into the substrate such that the second light beam propagates through the substrate along a second primary beam path;
iii. a third incoupling optical element configured to incouple a third light beam into the substrate such that the third light beam propagates through the substrate along a third primary beam path, wherein the first, second, and third incoupling optical elements are non-overlapping;
iv. a first outcoupling optical element configured to outcouple the first light beam from the substrate;
v. a second outcoupling optical element configured to outcouple the second light beam from the substrate;
wherein the first and second outcoupling optical elements are overlapping and form a first stack of optical elements, the first stack having a first side and a second side that is adjacent to the first side, the first stack configured to receive, at a first incidence angle, the first light beam at the first side and to receive, at a second incidence angle, the second light beam at the second side, the first incidence angle and the second incidence angle having a same value, and wherein the first primary beam path is different from the second primary beam path, and
wherein the first and second incoupling optical elements are non-overlapping;
vi. a second stack of redirection optical elements configured to redirect the first light beam and the third light beam such that the first light beam propagates through the substrate toward the first stack along a first secondary beam path and such that the third light beam propagates through the substrate toward the first stack along a third secondary beam path parallel to the first secondary beam path; and
vii. a redirection optical element that is separate from the second stack and that is configured to redirect the second light beam such that the second light beam propagates through the substrate toward the second outcoupling optical element along a second secondary beam path,
wherein the first secondary beam path intersects with the first side, and the second secondary beam path intersects with the second side.
4. The waveguide of claim 3 , wherein the first primary beam path is from the first incoupling optical element to a first redirection optical element of the second stack.
5. The waveguide of claim 4 , wherein the second primary beam path is from the second incoupling optical element to the redirection optical element.
6. The waveguide of claim 3 , wherein the first incoupling optical element is positioned at a first distance from the first side.
7. The waveguide of claim 3 , wherein the first and second incoupling optical elements are each positioned at a diagonal from the first and second outcoupling optical elements.
8. The waveguide of claim 3 , wherein the first incoupling optical element is positioned at a diagonal from the first and second outcoupling optical elements.
9. The waveguide of claim 3 , wherein the first primary beam path and the second primary beam path are at an angle from each other.
10. The waveguide of claim 9 , wherein the angle is 90 degrees.
11. The waveguide of claim 9 , wherein the angle is up to 90 degrees.
12. The waveguide of claim 3 , wherein the plurality of optical elements additionally comprises:
a third outcoupling optical element that is included in the first stack and that is configured to outcouple the third light beam from the substrate.
13. The waveguide of claim 12 , wherein the third primary beam path is from the third incoupling optical element to the second stack.
14. The waveguide of claim 12 , wherein the third primary beam path is from the third incoupling optical element to a third redirection optical element of the second stack.
15. The waveguide of claim 12 , wherein the third primary beam path is parallel to the first primary beam path.
16. The waveguide of claim 3 , wherein the first stack further comprises a third side different from the first side and the second side.
17. The waveguide of claim 3 , wherein the first incoupling optical element is positioned at first distance from the first stack, wherein the second incoupling optical element is positioned at second distance from the first stack.
18. The waveguide of claim 3 , wherein the first primary beam path is non-parallel to the first secondary beam path.
19. A waveguide comprising:
a. an optically transparent substrate having top and bottom surfaces; and
b. a plurality of optical elements optically coupled with the substrate, the plurality of optical elements comprising:
i. a first incoupling optical element configured to incouple a first light beam into the substrate such that the first light beam propagates through the substrate along a first primary beam path;
ii. a second incoupling optical element configured to incouple a second light beam into the substrate such that the second light beam propagates through the substrate along a second primary beam path;
iii. a third incoupling optical element configured to incouple a third light beam into the substrate such that the third light beam propagates through the substrate along a third primary beam path, wherein the first, second, and third incoupling optical elements are non-overlapping;
iv. a first outcoupling optical element configured to outcouple the first light beam from the substrate;
v. a second outcoupling optical element configured to outcouple the second light beam from the substrate;
wherein the first and second outcoupling optical elements are overlapping and form a first stack of optical elements, the first stack having a first side and a second side that is adjacent to the first side, the first stack configured to receive the first light beam at the first side and to receive the second light beam at the second side, and wherein the first primary beam path is different from the second primary beam path, and
wherein the first and second incoupling optical elements are non-overlapping;
vi. a second stack of redirection optical elements configured to redirect the first light beam and the third light beam such that the first light beam propagates through the substrate toward the first stack along a first secondary beam path and such that the third light beam propagates through the substrate toward the first stack along a third secondary beam path parallel to the first secondary beam path; and
vii. a redirection optical element that is separate from the second stack and that is configured to redirect the second light beam such that the second light beam propagates through the substrate toward the second outcoupling optical element along a second secondary beam path.
20. The waveguide of claim 19 , wherein the first secondary beam path is non-parallel to the second secondary beam path.