Microfluidic extrusion
A method for supporting repair of soft tissue with biopolymer fibers. Biopolymer is dissolved in acid in a closed container made of materials inert to the acid and to the collagen to form a biopolymer solution. The solution is stirred, then centrifuged to degas it. The degassed solution is put into syringes on a holder. The number of syringes equals the number of fibers in the bundle. The syringes are mounted in a rotatable holder. Essentially equal quantities of degassed solution are extruded from the syringes to produce fibers, which are gathered and fed into a formation buffer bath. The fibers are kept taught after extrusion and dehydrated in a dehydrating solution in a dehydrating bath. The fibers are wound a collector to collect the bundle. The fibers are used to support repair of soft tissue.
1. A method for supporting the repair of a soft tissue comprising implanting a biopolymer scaffold into a subject, the scaffold comprising a plurality of extruded collagen fibers;
wherein the fibers have sub-fibers; and
wherein the sub-fibers are cross-linked with glyoxal.
2. The method for supporting the repair of a soft tissue of claim 1 , wherein the extruded collagen fibers exhibit an ordered, longitudinally oriented structure.
3. The method for supporting the repair of a soft tissue of claim 2 , wherein the extruded collagen fibers have one or more of the following characteristics:
an ultimate tensile strength of between about 1 MPa to about 1,700 MPa;
a modulus of elasticity of between about 10 MPa to about 20,000 MPa;
a strain at break of between about 2 percent and about 45 percent elongation;
an average fiber diameter between about 10 μm and about 90 μm;
maintains its strength after soaking in Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Solution (“DPBS”) at room temperature for at least about 1 hour;
retains fifty percent of its initial load-bearing capacity for three months in culture;
and promotes an elevated pro-regenerative M2 macrophage response in vivo.
4. The method for supporting the repair of a soft tissue of claim 1 , wherein the extruded collagen fibers are telocollagen having a degree of cross linking of at least about 85 percent or atelocollagen having a degree of cross linking of at least about 65 percent.
5. The method for supporting the repair of a soft tissue of claim 1 , wherein the collagen is type I collagen.
6. The method for supporting the repair of a soft tissue of claim 5 , wherein the collagen is selected from the group consisting of clinical grade collagen, atelocollagen, telocollagen, recombinant collagen, and blends thereof.
7. The method for supporting the repair of a soft tissue of claim 1 , wherein the extruded collagen fibers have a cross section selected from the group consisting of substantially circular, ovoid, square, rectangular, ribbonlike, triangular, or irregular shapes.
8. The method for supporting the repair of a soft tissue of claim 1 , wherein the extruded collagen fibers further comprise a bio-acceptable polymer.
9. The method for supporting the repair of a soft tissue of claim 1 , wherein the extruded collagen fibers are associated in a form factor that is bundled, braided, interwoven, or twisted.
10. The method for supporting the repair of a soft tissue of claim 9 , wherein the form factor is a bundle; and wherein the bundle comprises between 2 and about 10,000 extruded collagen fibers.
11. The method for supporting the repair of a soft tissue of claim 10 , wherein the bundle comprises between 2 and about 150 extruded collagen fibers.
12. The method for supporting the repair of a soft tissue of claim 1 , wherein the implantable biopolymer scaffold has a form factor selected from the group consisting of a suture, a construct, a platform, a support, patch, single sheet, plurality of sheets, or an internal brace.
13. The method for supporting the repair of a soft tissue of claim 12 , wherein the form factor is a suture;
wherein the suture is resorbable; and
wherein the suture exhibits cellular infiltration after implantation in a subject.
14. The method for supporting the repair of a soft tissue of claim 13 , wherein the suture comprises about 2 to 12 extruded collagen fibers.
15. The method for supporting the repair of a soft tissue of claim 13 , wherein the suture is coated.
16. The method for supporting the repair of a soft tissue of claim 1 , further comprising adhered tenocytes;
wherein the tenocytes retain at least about 75% cell viability and at least about 95% cell survival after about seven days incubation under conventional mammalian cell culture conditions of temperature, pH, and humidity.
17. A method for supporting the repair of a soft tissue comprising implanting an implantable biopolymer scaffold comprising a plurality of high strength extruded collagen fibers;
wherein sub-fibers of the high strength extruded fibers are cross-linked with glyoxal;
wherein the fibers exhibit an ordered, longitudinally oriented structure; and
wherein the extruded collagen fibers have one or more of the following characteristics:
an ultimate tensile strength of between about 1 MPa to about 800 MPa;
a modulus of elasticity of between about 10 MPa to about 7,500 MPa; and
an average fiber diameter of between about 10 μm and about 70 μm.
18. The method for supporting the repair of a soft tissue of claim 17 , wherein the high strength extruded collagen fibers have one or more of the following characteristics:
an ultimate tensile strength of between about 20 MPa to about 170 MPa;
a modulus of elasticity of between about 200 MPa to about 3,500 MPa;
an average fiber diameter between about 16 μm and about 30 μm after soaking for about 1 hour in phosphate-buffered saline solution; and
wherein the method for supporting the repair of the soft tissue includes re-attaching opposing ends of a ruptured Achilles tendon with the scaffold.
19. The method for supporting the repair of a soft tissue of claim 17 wherein the high strength extruded collagen fibers have strain at break of between about 4 percent and about 12 percent elongation.
20. The method for supporting the repair of a soft tissue of claim 17 , wherein the high strength extruded collagen fibers maintain a strength greater than about 60 MPa after 6 months in DBPS at room temperature.
21. The method for supporting the repair of a soft tissue of claim 12 , wherein the form factor is an internal brace.
22. The method for supporting the repair of a soft tissue of claim 21 , wherein the soft tissue comprises a ligament or a tendon; and
wherein the implantable biopolymer scaffold is capable of attaching the ligament or tendon to bone.
23. The method for supporting the repair of a soft tissue of claim 12 , wherein the form factor is an interwoven sheet-like support or patch.
24. The method for supporting the repair of a soft tissue of claim 21 , wherein the scaffold comprises a plurality of layers.
25. A method for supporting the repair of a soft tissue comprising implanting an implantable biopolymer scaffold for supporting repair of a soft tissue comprising a plurality of high strength extruded biopolymer fibers, wherein the high strength extruded biopolymer fiber has one or more of the following characteristics:
an ultimate tensile strength of between about 20 MPa to about 170 MPa;
a modulus of elasticity of between about 200 MPa to about 3,500 MPa;
a strain at break of between about 4 percent and about 12 percent elongation;
an average fiber diameter between about 16 μm and less than about 200 pm after drying;
maintains its strength after soaking in biological fluid for about 1 hour; and
promotes an elevated pro-regenerative M2 macrophage response in-vivo, vivo; and
wherein the high strength extruded collagen fibers are telocollagen having a degree of cross linking of at least about 85 percent or atelocollagen having a degree of cross linking of at least about 65 percent.
26. The method for supporting the repair of a soft tissue of claim 25 , wherein the high strength extruded biopolymer fibers are twisted.
27. The method for supporting the repair of a soft tissue of claim 25 , wherein
the scaffold includes pores, the pores being configured to allow cells from the soft tissue to grow thereinto such that the cells are aligned with the fibers in the scaffold.
28. The method for supporting the repair of a soft tissue of claim 25 ,
wherein the method comprises providing support with the scaffold for a human ligament selected from the group consisting of: the ACL, the MCL, the PCL, and the UCL.
29. The method for supporting the repair of a soft tissue of claim 25 , comprising between 2 high strength biopolymer fibers and about 10,000 high strength biopolymer fibers.
30. The method for supporting the repair of a soft tissue of claim 25 , wherein the soft tissue is selected from the group consisting of connective tissue, including ligament, tendon, enthesis, bone, muscle, myotendinous junction, skin; fascia; internal organs, eyes, and combinations thereof.