Microfluidic extrusion
Implantable scaffolds made from biopolymer fibers. Biopolymer is dissolved in acid in a closed container made of materials inert to the acid and to the collagen to form a biopolymer solution. The solution is stirred, then centrifuged to degas it. The degassed solution is put into syringes on a holder. The number of syringes equals the number of fibers in the bundle. The syringes are mounted in a rotatable holder. Essentially equal quantities of degassed solution are extruded from the syringes to produce fibers, which are gathered and fed into a formation buffer bath. The fibers are kept taught after extrusion and dehydrated in a dehydrating solution in a dehydrating bath. The fibers are wound a collector to collect the bundle. Scaffolds then are made.
1. An implantable biopolymer scaffold for supporting repair of a soft tissue comprising a plurality of extruded collagen fibers;
wherein the fibers have sub-fibers; and
wherein the sub-fibers are cross-linked with glyoxal.
2. The implantable biopolymer scaffold of claim 1 , wherein the extruded collagen fibers exhibit an ordered, longitudinally oriented structure.
3. The implantable biopolymer scaffold of claim 2 ,
wherein the extruded collagen fibers have one or more of the following characteristics:
an ultimate tensile strength of between about 1 MPa to about 1,700 MPa;
a modulus of elasticity of between about 10 MPa to about 20,000 MPa;
a strain at break of between about 2 percent and about 45 percent elongation;
an average fiber diameter between about 10 μm and about 90 μm;
maintains its strength after soaking in Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Solution (“DPBS”) at room temperature for at least about 1 hour;
retains fifty percent of its initial load-bearing capacity for three months in culture;
and promotes an elevated pro-regenerative M2 macrophage response in vivo.
4. The implantable biopolymer scaffold of claim 1 , wherein the extruded collagen fibers are telocollagen having a degree of cross linking of at least about 85 percent or atelocollagen having a degree of cross linking of at least about 65 percent.
5. The implantable biopolymer scaffold of claim 1 , wherein the collagen is type I collagen.
6. The implantable biopolymer scaffold of claim 5 , wherein the collagen is selected from the group consisting of clinical grade collagen, atelocollagen, telocollagen, recombinant collagen, and blends thereof.
7. The implantable biopolymer scaffold of claim 1 , wherein the extruded collagen fibers have a cross section selected from the group consisting of substantially circular, ovoid, square, rectangular, ribbonlike, triangular, or irregular shapes.
8. The implantable biopolymer scaffold of claim 1 , wherein the extruded collagen fibers further comprise a bio-acceptable polymer.
9. The implantable biopolymer scaffold of claim 1 , wherein the extruded collagen fibers are associated in a form factor that is bundled, braided, interwoven, or twisted.
10. The implantable biopolymer scaffold of claim 9 , wherein the form factor is a bundle; and wherein the bundle comprises between 2 and about 10,000 extruded collagen fibers.
11. The implantable biopolymer scaffold of claim 10 , wherein the bundle comprises between 2 and about 150 extruded collagen fibers.
12. The implantable biopolymer scaffold of claim 1 , wherein the implantable biopolymer scaffold has a form factor selected from the group consisting of a suture, a construct, a platform, a support, patch, single sheet, plurality of sheets, or an internal brace.
13. The implantable biopolymer scaffold of claim 12 , wherein the form factor is a suture;
wherein the suture is resorbable; and
wherein the suture exhibits cellular infiltration after implantation in a subject.
14. The implantable biopolymer scaffold of claim 13 , wherein the suture comprises about 2 to 12 extruded collagen fibers.
15. The implantable biopolymer scaffold of claim 13 , wherein the suture is coated.
16. The implantable biopolymer scaffold of claim 1 , further comprising adhered tenocytes;
wherein the tenocytes retain at least about 75% cell viability and at least about 95% cell survival after about seven days incubation under conventional mammalian cell culture conditions of temperature, pH, and humidity.
17. An implantable biopolymer scaffold for supporting repair of a soft tissue injury comprising a plurality of high strength extruded collagen fibers;
wherein sub-fibers of the high strength extruded fibers are cross-linked with glyoxal;
wherein the fibers exhibit an ordered, longitudinally oriented structure; and
wherein the extruded collagen fibers have one or more of the following characteristics:
an ultimate tensile strength of between about 1 MPa to about 800 MPa;
a modulus of elasticity of between about 10 MPa to about 7,500 MPa; and
an average fiber diameter of between about 10 μm and about 70 μm.
18. The implantable biopolymer scaffold of claim 17 , wherein the high strength extruded collagen fibers have one or more of the following characteristics:
an ultimate tensile strength of between about 20 MPa to about 170 MPa;
a modulus of elasticity of between about 200 MPa to about 3,500 MPa; and
an average fiber diameter between about 16 μm and about 30 μm after soaking for about 1 hour in phosphate-buffered saline solution; and
wherein the scaffold has a form factor configured to replace a human body part after implantation into a subject.
19. The implantable biopolymer scaffold of claim 17 wherein the high strength extruded collagen fibers have strain at break of between about 4 percent and about 12 percent elongation.
20. The implantable biopolymer scaffold of claim 17 , wherein the high strength extruded collagen fibers maintain a strength greater than about 60 MPa after 6 months in DBPS at room temperature.
21. The implantable biopolymer scaffold of claim 12 , wherein the form factor is an internal brace.
22. The implantable biopolymer scaffold of claim 21 , wherein the soft tissue comprises a ligament or a tendon; and
wherein the implantable biopolymer scaffold is capable of attaching the ligament or tendon to bone.
23. The implantable biopolymer scaffold of claim 12 , wherein the form factor is an interwoven sheet-like support or patch.
24. The implantable biopolymer scaffold of claim 21 , wherein the scaffold comprises a plurality of layers.
25. An implantable biopolymer scaffold for supporting repair of a soft tissue comprising a plurality of high strength extruded biopolymer fibers, wherein the high strength extruded biopolymer fiber has one or more of the following characteristics:
an ultimate tensile strength of between about 20 MPa to about 170 MPa;
a modulus of elasticity of between about 200 MPa to about 3,500 MPa;
a strain at break of between about 4 percent and about 12 percent elongation;
an average fiber diameter between about 16 μm and less than about 200 μm after drying;
maintains its strength after soaking in biological fluid for about 1 hour; and
promotes an elevated pro-regenerative M2 macrophage response in vivo; and
wherein the high strength extruded collagen fibers are telocollagen having a degree of cross linking of at least about 85 percent or atelocollagen having a degree of cross linking of at least about 65 percent.
26. The implantable biopolymer scaffold of claim 25 , wherein the high strength extruded biopolymer fibers are twisted.
27. The implantable biopolymer scaffold of claim 25 , wherein
the scaffold includes pores, the pores being configured to allow cells from the soft tissue to grow thereinto such that the cells are aligned with the fibers in the scaffold.
28. The implantable biopolymer scaffold of claim 25 ,
wherein the scaffold is configured to provide support for a human ligament selected from the group consisting of: the ACL, the MCL, the PCL, and the UCL.
29. The implantable biopolymer scaffold of claim 25 , comprising between 2 and about 10,000 high strength biopolymer fibers.
30. The implantable biopolymer scaffold of claim 25 , wherein the high strength biopolymer fiber maintains a strength greater than about 60 MPa after implantation into a subject.