Integrated circuit packages having stress-relieving features
Expansion compensating structures are formed in redistribution layers of a wafer-level chip-scale integrated circuit package (WLCSP) or other IC package having a low-expansion substrate. The structures include micromechanical actuators designed and oriented to move solder bumps attached to them in the same direction and distance as a function of temperature as do pads to which they may be connected on a higher-expansion substrate such as a printed circuit board. Expansion compensated IC packages incorporating these expansion compensating structures are provided, as well as expansion compensated assemblies containing one or more of these IC packages. Methods of fabricating expansion compensated IC packages requiring minimal changes to existing commercial WLCSP fabrication processes are also provided. These devices and methods will result in assemblies having improved board-level reliability during thermal cycling, and allow the use of larger IC die sizes in WLCSP technology.
1. An expansion compensating structure in an integrated circuit package, the package having a package substrate and at least one redistribution layer substantially parallel to a first surface of the package substrate, comprising:
an anchor rigidly attached to the package substrate;
a bump pad formed in the at least one redistribution layer; and
an actuator formed in the at least one redistribution layer, connected between the anchor and the bump pad, and configured to move the bump pad approximately along a line lying in a plane parallel to the first surface of the package substrate by a predetermined displacement for a given change in a temperature of the package.
2. The expansion compensating structure of claim 1 , further comprising a handle portion connected between the actuator and the bump pad.
3. The expansion compensating structure of claim 1 , further comprising a compliant link connected between the actuator and the bump pad.
4. The expansion compensating structure of claim 1 , wherein the package substrate is made of silicon.
5. The expansion compensating structure of claim 1 , wherein the package substrate comprises a substrate of an integrated circuit.
6. The expansion compensating structure of claim 1 , wherein the actuator comprises a chevron-type actuator.
7. The expansion compensating structure of claim 6 , wherein the chevron-type actuator comprises a plurality of chevron structures configured so as to act together in parallel.
8. The expansion compensating structure of claim 6 , wherein a beam of the chevron-type actuator further comprises a plurality of narrowed sections separated by at least one wide section.
9. The expansion compensating structure of claim 1 , wherein the actuator comprises a plurality of actuator layers formed in a plurality of redistribution layers, whereby a thickness of the actuator is increased to stiffen the actuator against out-of-plane buckling.
10. The expansion compensating structure of claim 9 , further comprising a plurality of tie vias connecting at least two of the plurality of actuator layers.
11. An expansion compensated package for integrated circuits comprising:
a package substrate having a first coefficient of thermal expansion and a first surface with a neutral point;
at least one redistribution layer substantially parallel to the first surface of the package substrate; and
a plurality of expansion compensating structures, each expansion compensating structure comprising
an anchor rigidly attached to the package substrate,
a bump pad formed in the at least one redistribution layer, and
an actuator formed in the at least one redistribution layer, connected between the anchor and the bump pad, and configured to move the bump pad approximately along a line lying in a plane parallel to the first surface of the package substrate by a predetermined displacement for a given change in a temperature of the package,
the expansion compensating structures placed and oriented so as to position the bump pads in a predetermined pattern at a first temperature, with the actuators further configured to move the bump pads radially outward from the neutral point at a temperature greater than the first temperature,
whereby the expansion compensated package may be attached at the bump pads to a higher-level interconnect having a second coefficient of thermal expansion greater than the first coefficient of thermal expansion, and the radial motion of the bump pads due to the actuators compensates for a difference between the first and second coefficients of thermal expansion.
12. The expansion compensated package of claim 11 , wherein the package substrate is made of silicon.
13. The expansion compensated package of claim 11 , wherein the package substrate comprises a substrate of an integrated circuit.
14. The expansion compensated package of claim 11 , wherein the package substrate comprises an interposer.
15. The expansion compensated package of claim 11 , wherein the displacement of each bump pad from the predetermined pattern is approximately proportional to a distance of the bump pad from the neutral point.
16. The expansion compensated package of claim 11 , further comprising at least one bump pad that is not moved by an actuator.
17. The expansion compensated package of claim 11 , wherein the bump pads comprise lands in a land grid array.
18. The expansion compensated package of claim 11 , further comprising a plurality of solder bumps, each attached to a bump pad.
19. An expansion compensated assembly comprising:
at least one expansion compensated IC package, each package comprising
a package substrate having a first coefficient of thermal expansion and a first surface with a neutral point,
at least one redistribution layer substantially parallel to the first surface of the package substrate, and
a plurality of expansion compensating structures formed in the at least one redistribution layer, each expansion compensating structure comprising
an anchor rigidly attached to the package substrate,
a bump pad formed in the at least one redistribution layer, and
an actuator formed in the at least one redistribution layer, connected between the anchor and the bump pad, and configured to move the bump pad approximately along a line lying in a plane parallel to the first surface of the package substrate by a predetermined displacement for a given change in a temperature of the package,
the expansion compensating structures placed and oriented so as to position the bump pads in a predetermined pattern at a first temperature, with the actuators further configured to move the bump pads radially outward from the neutral point at a temperature greater than the first temperature; and
a higher-level interconnect having a second coefficient of thermal expansion higher than the first coefficient of thermal expansion,
the at least one expansion compensated IC package connected to the higher-level interconnect at a plurality of connection locations corresponding to positions of the bump pads at the first temperature, whereby the radial motion of the bump pads due to the actuators compensates for a difference between the first and second coefficients of thermal expansion, reducing a stress at the plurality of connection locations.
20. The expansion compensated assembly of claim 19 , further comprising a plurality of solder balls attached to the higher-level interconnect, whereby the expansion compensated assembly can be connected to another interconnect structure.