Protective mask for an optical receiver
An optical receiver including an ASIC, a light detector element, and a protective mask is disclosed. The light detector element is disposed on the ASIC and has a top surface oriented toward incident light, the top surface including a portion configured to receive the incident light and via which the incident light reaches an active area of the light detector element. The protective mask is placed over the ASIC so as to (i) cover, from the incident light, a portion of the ASIC, and (ii) provide an aperture that defines an optical path for the incident light through the protective mask to the portion of the top surface of the light detector element.
1. An optical receiver comprising:
an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC);
a light detector element disposed on the ASIC with a top surface oriented toward incident light, the top surface including:
a first portion configured to receive the incident light and via which the incident light reaches a first active area of the light detector element; and
a second portion configured to receive the incident light and via which the incident light reaches a second active area of the light detector element, the second portion non-overlapping with the first portion; and
a protective mask placed over the ASIC so as to (i) cover, from the incident light, at least a portion of the ASIC, and (ii) provide an aperture that defines an optical path for the incident light through the protective mask to the first and second portions of the top surface of the light detector element.
2. The optical receiver of claim 1 , wherein the aperture in the protective mask has a conical shape, with an opening on a top surface of the protective mask oriented toward the incident light wider than an opening on a bottom surface of the protective mask oriented toward the light detector element.
3. The optical receiver of claim 2 , wherein the top surface of the protective mask is raised along the circumference of the aperture.
4. The optical receiver of claim 1 , wherein a center of the aperture is substantially aligned with a center of the first or second active area.
5. The optical receiver of claim 1 , wherein a diameter of the aperture is substantially equal to a diameter of the first or second active area.
6. The optical receiver of claim 1 , wherein a diameter of the aperture is larger than a diameter of the first or second active area.
7. The optical receiver of claim 1 , wherein:
the protective mask includes a first portion attached to the ASIC and a second portion recessed relative to the first portion to define a cavity that accommodates the light detector element.
8. The optical receiver of claim 1 , wherein the protective mask is placed over the ASIC so as to further cover at least a portion of the top surface of the light detector element.
9. The optical receiver of claim 1 , wherein the first active area is the first portion of the top surface of the light detector element.
10. The optical receiver of claim 1 , wherein the first active area is located below the first portion of the top surface of the light detector element, such that the incident light travels from the first portion of the top surface through at least a portion of the light detector element to the first active area.
11. The optical receiver of claim 1 , wherein a diameter of the aperture is between 25 micrometers to 200 micrometers.
12. The optical receiver of claim 1 , wherein a thickness of the protective mask is between 200 and 1,000 micrometers.
13. The optical receiver of claim 1 , wherein the protective mask is affixed to the ASIC.
14. The optical receiver of claim 13 , wherein the protective mask is affixed to the ASIC with epoxy.
15. The optical receiver of claim 1 , wherein a bottom surface of the protective mask is between one and 50 micrometers from a surface of the ASIC oriented toward the incident light.
16. The optical receiver of claim 1 , wherein the protective mask is a monolithic rigid component.
17. The optical receiver of claim 1 , wherein the protective mask is made of a polyimide material.
18. The optical receiver of claim 1 , wherein the protective mask is made of a ceramic material.
19. The optical receiver of claim 15 , wherein the ceramic material includes SiC.
20. The optical receiver of claim 1 , wherein the protective mask is made of a metal with a non-conductive coating.
21. The optical receiver of claim 1 , wherein the protective mask absorbs light at wavelengths to which the light detector element is sensitive.
22. The optical receiver of claim 1 , wherein the protective mask reflects or scatters light at wavelengths to which the light detector element is sensitive.
23. The optical receiver of claim 1 , wherein the protective mask is opaque to light with a wavelength between approximately 1500 nanometers and 1600 nanometers.
24. The optical receiver of claim 1 , wherein the first portion of the light detector element is an avalanche photodiode (APD).
25. A lidar system comprising:
a light source configured to emit pulses of light;
a scanner configured to scan the emitted pulses of light across a field of regard of the lidar system;
an optical receiver configured to detect incident light including a portion of one of the emitted pulses of light scattered by a target located a distance from the lidar system, the optical receiver comprising:
an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC);
a light detector element disposed on the ASIC with a top surface oriented toward the incident light, the top surface including:
a first portion configured to receive the incident light and via which the incident light reaches a first active area of the light detector element; and
a second portion configured to receive the incident light and via which the incident light reaches a second active area of the light detector element, the second portion non-overlapping with the first portion; and
a protective mask placed over the ASIC so as to (i) cover, from the incident light, at least a portion of the ASIC, and (ii) provide an aperture that defines an optical path for the incident light through the protective mask to the first and second portions of the top surface of the light detector element;
a processor configured to determine the distance to the target based on a round-trip time of the portion of the emitted pulse of light, the round-trip time corresponding to a time between when the portion of the emitted pulse of light is emitted by the light source and when the portion of the emitted pulse of light is detected by the optical receiver.
26. An optical receiver comprising:
an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC);
a light detector element, disposed on the ASIC, with a top surface oriented toward incident light, the top surface including:
a first portion configured to receive the incident light and via which the incident light reaches a first active area of the light detector element; and
a second portion configured to receive the incident light and via which the incident light reaches a second active area of the light detector element, the second portion non-overlapping with the first portion; and
a protective mask placed over the ASIC so as to (i) cover, from the incident light, at least a portion of the ASIC, and (ii) provide a first aperture and a second aperture, wherein the first aperture defines an optical path for the incident light through the protective mask to the first portion of the top surface of the light detector element, and the second aperture defines a second optical path for the incident light through the protective mask to the second portion of the top surface of the light detector element.
27. An optical receiver comprising:
an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC);
a light detector element with a top surface oriented toward incident light, the top surface including a portion configured to receive the incident light and via which the incident light reaches an active area of the light detector element, the light detector element disposed on the ASIC; and
a protective mask placed over the ASIC so as to (i) cover, from the incident light, at least a portion of the ASIC, and (ii) provide an aperture that defines an optical path for the incident light through the protective mask to the portion of the top surface of the light detector element, wherein the protective mask has a laser-induced damage threshold above 10 joules per square centimeter.
28. The optical receiver of claim 27 , wherein the aperture in the protective mask has a conical shape, with an opening on a top surface of the protective mask oriented toward the incident light wider than an opening on a bottom surface of the protective mask oriented toward the light detector element.
29. The optical receiver of claim 27 , wherein the active area is located below the portion of the top surface of the light detector element, such that the incident light travels from the portion of the top surface through at least a portion of the light detector element to the active area.
30. An optical receiver comprising:
an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC);
a light detector element with a top surface oriented toward a received pulse of light, the top surface including a portion configured to receive the pulse of light and via which the pulse of light reaches an active area of the light detector element, the light detector element disposed on the ASIC and configured to produce a pulse of electrical current corresponding to the received pulse of light; and
a protective mask placed over the ASIC so as to (i) cover, from the pulse of light, at least a portion of the ASIC, and (ii) provide an aperture that defines an optical path for the pulse of light through the protective mask to the portion of the top surface of the light detector element, wherein the ASIC includes:
an electronic amplifier configured to amplify the pulse of electrical current to produce a voltage pulse that corresponds to the pulse of electrical current;
one or more comparators, wherein each comparator is coupled to the electronic amplifier and configured to produce an electrical-edge signal when the voltage pulse rises above or falls below a particular threshold voltage; and
one or more time-to-digital converters (TDCs), wherein each TDC is coupled to one of the one or more comparators and is configured to produce a time value corresponding to a time when the electrical-edge signal was received by the TDC, wherein a time of receipt for the received pulse of light is determined based at least in part on one or more time values produced by one or more of the TDCs.
31. The optical receiver of claim 30 , wherein the electronic amplifier includes (i) a transimpedance amplifier or (ii) a transimpedance amplifier followed by a voltage amplifier.