Methods for achieving color states of lesser-charged particles in electrophoretic medium including at least four types of particles
Methods for driving an electrophoretic medium including two pairs of oppositely charged particles. The first pair including a first type of positive particles and a first type of negative particles and the second pair consists of a second type of positive particles and a second type of negative particles, wherein the first pair of particles and the second pair of particles have different charge magnitudes (identifiable as zeta potentials). In particular, the driving methods produce cleaner optical stakes of the lesser-charged particles with less contamination from the other particles and more consistent electro-optical performance when the intermediate driving voltages are modified.
1. A driving method for driving a pixel of an electrophoretic display comprising a first surface on a viewing side, a second surface on a non-viewing side, and an electrophoretic fluid disposed between a first light-transmissive electrode and a second electrode, the electrophoretic fluid comprising a first type of particles (K), a second type of particles (Y), a third type of particles (R), and a fourth type of particles (W), all of which are dispersed in a solvent, wherein
(a) the four types of pigment particles have different optical characteristics;
(b) the first type of particles (K) and the third type of particles (R) are positively charged, wherein the first type of particles (K) have a greater magnitude of positive charge than the third particles (R); and
(c) the second type of particles (Y) and the fourth type of particles (W) are negatively charged, wherein the second type of particles (Y) have a greater magnitude of negative charge than the fourth particles (W),
the method comprises the steps of:
(i) applying a first driving voltage to the pixel of the electrophoretic display for a first period of time (t 7 , t 9 ) at a first amplitude to drive the pixel to a color state of the first (K) or the second (Y) type of particles at the viewing side;
(ii) applying a second driving voltage to the pixel of the electrophoretic display for a second period of time (t 8 , t 10 ), wherein the second driving voltage has a polarity opposite to that of the first driving voltage and a second amplitude smaller than that of the first amplitude, to drive the pixel from the color state of the first type of particles (K) towards the color state of the fourth type of particles (W), or from the color state of the second type of particle (Y) towards the color state of the third type of particles (R), at the viewing side, and repeating steps (i)-(ii);
(iii) applying no driving voltage to the pixel for a third period of time (t 25 , t 27 );
(iv) applying the second driving voltage to the pixel of the electrophoretic display for a fourth period of time (t 26 , t 28 ), to drive the pixel from the color state of the first type of particles (K) towards the color state of the fourth type of particles (W), or from the color state of the second type of particle (Y) towards the color state of the third type of particles (R), at the viewing side, and repeating steps (iii)-(iv), wherein no driving voltage having the same polarity as the first driving voltage is applied between steps (iii) and (iv).
2. The driving method of claim 1 , wherein the second period of time in step (ii) is longer than the first period of time in step (i).
3. The driving method of claim 1 , wherein steps (i) and (ii) are repeated at least 8 times.
4. The driving method of claim 1 , wherein steps (iii) and (iv) are repeated at least 8 times.
5. The driving method of claim 1 , wherein the amplitude of the second driving voltage is less than 50% of the amplitude of the first driving voltage.
6. The driving method of claim 1 , wherein the magnitude of the positive charge of the third particle (R) is less than 50% of the magnitude of the positive charge of the first particle (K).
7. The driving method of claim 1 , wherein the magnitude of the negative charge of the fourth particle (W) is less than 75% of the magnitude of the negative charge of the second particle (Y).
8. The driving method of claim 1 , further comprising applying a voltage with a shaking waveform to the pixel before step (i).
9. The driving method of claim 1 , wherein the fourth period of time in step (iv) is shorter than the second period of time in step (ii).
10. The driving method of claim 1 , additionally including applying a third driving voltage to the pixel of the electrophoretic display for a fifth period of time (t 30 , t 33 ) between steps (ii) and (iii), wherein the third driving voltage has the same polarity as the second driving voltage, and the same magnitude as the first amplitude.
11. A driving method for driving a pixel of an electrophoretic display comprising a first surface on a viewing side, a second surface on a non-viewing side, and an electrophoretic fluid disposed between a first light-transmissive electrode and a second electrode, the electrophoretic fluid comprising a first type of particles (K), a second type of particles (Y), a third type of particles (R), and a fourth type of particles (W), all of which are dispersed in a solvent, wherein
(a) the four types of pigment particles have different optical characteristics;
(b) the first type of particles (K) and the third type of particles (R) are positively charged, wherein the first type of particles (K) have a greater magnitude of positive charge than the third particles (R); and
(c) the second type of particles (Y) and the fourth type of particles (W) are negatively charged, wherein the second type of particles (Y) have a greater magnitude of negative charge than the fourth particles (W),
the method comprises the steps of:
(i) applying a first driving voltage to the pixel of the electrophoretic display for a first period of time (t 11 , t 14 ) at a first amplitude to drive the pixel to a color state of the first (K) or the second (Y) type of particles at the viewing side;
(ii) applying a second driving voltage to the pixel of the electrophoretic display for a second period of time (t 12 , t 15 ), wherein the second driving voltage has a polarity opposite to that of the first driving voltage and a second amplitude smaller than that of the first amplitude, to drive the pixel from the color state of the first type of particles (K) towards the color state of the fourth type of particles (W), or from the color state of the second type of particle (Y) towards the color state of the third type of particles (R), at the viewing side;
(iii) applying no driving voltage to the pixel for a third period of time (t 13 , t 16 ), and repeating steps (i)-(iii);
(iv) applying no driving voltage to the pixel for a fourth period of time (t 25 , t 27 );
(v) applying the second driving voltage to the pixel of the electrophoretic display for a fifth period of time (t 26 , t 28 ), to drive the pixel from the color state of the first type of particles (K) towards the color state of the fourth type of particles (W), or from the color state of the second type of particle (Y) towards the color state of the third type of particles (R), at the viewing side, and repeating steps (iv)-(v) wherein no driving voltage having the same polarity as the first driving voltage is applied between steps (iv) and (v).
12. The driving method of claim 11 , wherein the second period of time in step (ii) is longer than the first period of time in step (i).
13. The driving method of claim 11 , wherein steps (i)-(iii) are repeated at least 8 times.
14. The driving method of claim 11 , wherein steps (iv) and (v) are repeated at least 8 times.
15. The driving method of claim 11 , wherein the amplitude of the second driving voltage is less than 50% of the amplitude of the first driving voltage.
16. The driving method of claim 11 , wherein the magnitude of the positive charge of the third particle (R) is less than 50% of the magnitude of the positive charge of the first particle (K).
17. The driving method of claim 11 , wherein the magnitude of the negative charge of the fourth particle (W) is less than 75% of the magnitude of the negative charge of the second particle (Y).
18. The driving method of claim 11 , further comprising applying a voltage with a shaking waveform to the pixel before step (i).
19. The driving method of claim 11 , wherein the fifth period of time in step (v) is shorter than the second period of time in step (ii).