System and method for authenticating a connection between a user device and a vehicle using physical layer features

1. A vehicle comprising:

a memory configured to store programming instructions; and

a processor coupled to the memory, wherein the programming instructions cause the processor to be configured to:

send, to a user device, a first wireless signal through a connection channel;

receive, from the user device, a second wireless signal through the connection channel;

acquire a second signal strength sequence from second N continuous signal strength characteristics of the second wireless signal;

receive, from the user device in response to sending the first wireless signal, a first signal strength sequence from first N continuous signal strength characteristics of the first wireless signal; and

authenticate a connection between the user device and the vehicle based on the first signal strength sequence and the second signal strength sequence.

2. The vehicle of claim 1 , wherein the first signal strength sequence comprises the first N continuous signal strength characteristics.

3. The vehicle of claim 2 , wherein the first signal strength sequence further comprises a user string and a correction data, and wherein the user string and the correction data are based on a filtered first N continuous signal strength characteristics.

4. The vehicle of claim 3 , wherein the programming instructions further cause the processor to be configured to:

extract the correction data from the first signal strength sequence;

filter the correction data using a low pass filter to obtain a filtered correction data;

filter the second N continuous signal strength characteristics using the low pass filter to obtain a filtered second N continuous signal strength characteristics;

generate a vehicle string by inputting the filtered second N continuous signal strength characteristics and the filtered correction data to a reproduce (rep) function of a fuzzy extractor mechanism; and

authenticate, based on the user string and the vehicle string, the connection.

5. The vehicle of claim 4 , wherein the programming instructions further cause the processor to be configured to identify that the connection is valid based on characters at M corresponding positions in the user string and the vehicle string being the same, and wherein the M is a positive integer greater than or equal to a preset threshold.

6. The vehicle of claim 1 , wherein before acquiring the second signal strength sequence, the programming instructions further cause the processor to be configured to:

receive an initiation instruction from the user device; and

authenticate the user device based on the initiation instruction.

7. The vehicle of claim 6 , wherein the initiation instruction comprises:

an initiation message authentication code (MAC) (M Ini ) indicating an instruction for the vehicle to authenticate the initiation instruction based on a BLUETOOTH user device (BUD) key (K BTUDev ) that is shared between the user device and the vehicle; or

a sign (S) indicating an instruction for the vehicle to authenticate the initiation instruction based on a public-key infrastructure (PKI)-private key associated with the user device (Key Priv_UDeva ) and the K BTUDev and a PKI-public key associated with the vehicle (Key Pub_Veh ),

wherein the Key Priv_UDev and the Key Pub_Veh are shared between the user device and the vehicle.

8. The vehicle of claim 1 , wherein before receiving the second wireless signal, the programming instructions cause the processor to be configured to:

emit a BLUETOOTH Low Energy (BLE) beacon; and

establish a BLUETOOTH pairing between the user device and the vehicle using a BLUETOOTH connection key (Key BTCon ) based on whether the BLE beacon is detected, wherein the Key BTCon is shared between the user device and the vehicle.

9. A system comprising:

a vehicle configured to send a first wireless signal through a connection channel; and

a user device coupled to the vehicle and configured to:

receive, from the vehicle, the first wireless signal through the connection channel;

send, to the vehicle, a second wireless signal through the connection channel;

acquire a first signal strength sequence from first N continuous signal strength characteristics of the first wireless signal; and

communicate the first signal strength sequence to the vehicle, wherein the vehicle is further configured to:

receive, from the user device, the second wireless signal through the connection channel;

acquire a second signal strength sequence from second N continuous signal strength characteristics of the second wireless signal; and

receive, from the user device, the first signal strength sequence,

wherein the first signal strength sequence and the second signal strength sequence are for authenticating a connection between the user device and the vehicle.

10. The system of claim 9 , wherein the first signal strength sequence comprises the first N continuous signal strength characteristics.

11. The system of claim 10 , wherein the first signal strength sequence further comprises a user string and a correction data.

12. The system of claim 11 , wherein the user device is further configured to:

filter the first N continuous signal strength characteristics by a low pass filter to obtain a filtered first N continuous signal strength characteristics; and

generate the user string and the correction data by inputting the filtered first N continuous signal strength characteristics to a generate (gen) function of a fuzzy extractor mechanism.

13. The system of claim 9 , wherein before acquiring the first signal strength sequence, the user device is further configured to communicate, to the vehicle, an initiation instruction instructing to authenticate the user device.

14. The system of claim 13 , wherein the initiation instruction comprises:

an initiation message authentication code (MAC) (M Ini ) instructing the vehicle to authenticate the initiation instruction based on a BLUETOOTH user device (BUD) key (K BTUDev ) that is shared between the user device and the vehicle; or

a sign (S) instructing the vehicle to authenticate the initiation instruction based on a public-key infrastructure (PKI)-private key associated with the user device (Key Priv_UDev ) that is shared between the user device and the vehicle.

15. The system of claim 13 , wherein the vehicle is further configured to:

identify that the initiation instruction is valid; and

communicate, in response to the identifying, an acknowledgement instruction to the user device, wherein the acknowledgement instruction is based on an encrypted acknowledgement message and an acknowledgement MAC (M Ack ), wherein the encrypted acknowledgement message comprises a nonce n, a random string r, and an acknowledgement command, wherein the encrypted acknowledgement message is encrypted using a corresponding BLUETOOTH user device (BUD) key (K BTUDev ), and wherein the M Ack is based on the encrypted acknowledgement message and the K BTUDev , and

wherein the user device is further configured to validate the acknowledgement instruction using the K BTUDev .

16. The system of claim 13 , wherein the vehicle is further configured to emit a BLUETOOTH Low Energy (BLE) beacon, and wherein the user device is further configured to:

detect the BLE beacon; and

establish, in response to the detecting, a BLUETOOTH pairing between the user device and the vehicle using a BLUETOOTH connection key (Key BTCon ), wherein the Key BTCon is shared between the user device and the vehicle.

17. An authentication method, comprising:

sending, by a vehicle and to a user device, a first wireless signal through a connection channel;

receiving, by the vehicle and from the user device, a second wireless signal through the connection channel;

acquiring, by the vehicle, a second signal strength sequence from second N continuous signal strength characteristics of the second wireless signal;

receiving, by the vehicle and from the user device in response to sending the first wireless signal, a first signal strength sequence from first N continuous signal strength characteristics of the first wireless signal; and

authenticating, by the vehicle, a connection between the user device and the vehicle based on the first signal strength sequence and the second signal strength sequence.

18. The authentication method of claim 17 , wherein the first signal strength sequence comprises the first N continuous signal strength characteristics.

19. The authentication method of claim 18 , wherein the first signal strength sequence further comprises a user string and a correction data, and wherein the user string and the correction data are based on a filtered first N continuous signal strength characteristics.

20. The authentication method of claim 19 , further comprising:

extracting, by the vehicle, the correction data from the first signal strength sequence;

filtering, by the vehicle, the correction data using a low pass filter to obtain a filtered correction data;

filtering, by the vehicle, the second N continuous signal strength characteristics using the low pass filter to obtain a filtered second N continuous signal strength characteristics;

generating, by the vehicle, a vehicle string by inputting the filtered second N continuous signal strength characteristics and the filtered correction data to a reproduce (rep) function of a fuzzy extractor mechanism; and

authenticating, by the vehicle, based on the user string and the vehicle string, the connection.

21. The authentication method of claim 20 , further comprising identifying, by the vehicle, that the connection is valid based on characters at M corresponding positions in the user string and the vehicle string being the same, wherein the M is a positive integer greater than or equal to a preset threshold.

22. The authentication method of claim 17 , wherein before acquiring the second signal strength sequence, the authentication method further comprises:

receiving, by the vehicle, an initiation instruction from the user device; and

authenticating, by the vehicle, the user device based on the initiation instruction.

23. The authentication method of claim 22 , wherein the initiation instruction comprises:

an initiation message authentication code (MAC) (M Ini ) indicating an instruction for the vehicle to authenticate the initiation instruction based on a BLUETOOTH user device (BUD) key (K BTUDev ) that is shared between the user device and the vehicle; or

a sign (S) indicating an instruction for the vehicle to authenticate the initiation instruction based on a public-key infrastructure (PKI)-private key associated with the user device (Key Priv_UDeva ) and the K BTUDev and a PKI-public key associated with the vehicle (Key Pub_Veh ),

wherein the Key Priv_UDev and the Key Pub_Veh are shared between the user device and the vehicle.

24. The authentication method of claim 17 , wherein before receiving the second wireless signal, the authentication method further comprises:

emitting, by the vehicle, a BLUETOOTH Low Energy (BLE) beacon; and

establishing, by the vehicle, a BLUETOOTH pairing between the user device and the vehicle using a BLUETOOTH connection key (Key BTCon ) based on whether the BLE beacon is detected, wherein the Key BTCon is shared between the user device and the vehicle.