Polymer electrolyte membrane with platelets
A polymer electrolyte membrane includes an ion-conducting polymeric electrolyte material and platelets, distributed through the polymeric electrolyte material. The platelets have an aspect ratio of length to thickness of at least 2:1. The platelets are aligned generally parallel to a length of the membrane. The platelets can be functionalized with free radical scavengers, or other moieties, to extend the lifetime of the membrane or of a membrane electrode assembly incorporating the membrane.
1. A polymer electrolyte membrane comprising:
an ion-conducting polymeric electrolyte material; and
platelets, distributed through the polymeric electrolyte material, the platelets having an aspect ratio of length to thickness of at least 2:1, and wherein the platelets are aligned generally parallel to a length of the membrane and perpendicular to a direction of flow of hydrogen ions when flowing through the membrane.
2. The polymer electrolyte membrane of claim 1 , wherein the ion-conducting polymeric electrolyte material comprises a fluoropolymer.
3. The polymer electrolyte membrane of claim 1 , wherein a volume ratio of platelets to membrane material is at least 1:100.
4. The polymer electrolyte membrane of claim 3 , wherein a volume ratio of platelets to membrane material is at least 1:10.
5. The polymer electrolyte membrane of claim 1 , wherein the platelets have an aspect ratio of length to thickness of at least 5:1.
6. The polymer electrolyte membrane of claim 1 , wherein the platelets have a longest dimension of at least 10 nanometers, on average.
7. The polymer electrolyte membrane of claim 6 , wherein the platelets have a longest dimension of at least 5 micrometers.
8. The polymer electrolyte membrane of claim 1 , wherein the platelets have a longest dimension of no more than 50 micrometers, on average.
9. The polymer electrolyte membrane of claim 1 , wherein the platelets are predominantly formed, at least on a surface thereof, of a metal oxide, ceramic oxide, or mixture thereof.
10. The polymer electrolyte membrane of claim 9 , wherein the metal oxide, ceramic oxide, or mixture thereof is selected from the group consisting of clay, titania, manganese oxide, silica, zirconia, graphene oxide, mixtures thereof, and mixed oxides thereof.
11. The polymer electrolyte membrane of claim 1 , wherein the platelets each include a body which is functionalized with moieties selected from the group consisting of free radical scavengers, ion conductivity enhancing groups, entanglement groups, and combinations thereof.
12. The polymer electrolyte membrane of claim 11 , wherein the moieties include at least one of free radical scavengers and ion conductivity enhancing groups, the at least one of the free radical scavengers and ion conductivity enhancing groups being spaced from the body by linking groups.
13. The polymer electrolyte membrane of claim 11 , wherein the moieties comprise free radical scavengers selected from the group consisting of ceria, sulfonate groups, hydroquinolines, hydroxylamine, acrylated bisphenols, and combinations thereof.
14. The polymer electrolyte membrane of claim 11 , wherein the moieties comprise ion conductivity enhancing groups selected from the group consisting of amino acids, sulfonic acids, carboxylates, phosphonates, ion-conducting charged groups, quaternary ammonium groups, and groups based on imidazolium, guanidinium, piperidinium, and pyridinium.
15. The polymer electrolyte membrane of claim 11 , wherein the moieties comprise entanglement groups which assist in physically binding the platelets to the membrane material.
16. The polymer electrolyte membrane of claim 1 , further comprising particles, present in the polymeric electrolyte material, other than the platelets, and wherein at least one of the particles and the platelets are functionalized with moieties selected from the group consisting of free radical scavengers, ion conductivity enhancing groups, entanglement groups, and combinations thereof.
17. A membrane electrode assembly comprising:
the polymer electrolyte membrane of claim 1 ; and
first and second electrodes, spaced by the membrane.
18. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 17 , further comprising:
first and second catalyst layers for catalyzing reactions adjacent the membrane, and
optionally, first and second gas diffusion layers, spaced from the membrane by the first and second catalyst layers, respectively.
19. An electrolyzer, fuel cell, electrochemical device, or electrochemical pump comprising the membrane electrode assembly of claim 17 .
20. A method of forming the polymer electrolyte membrane of claim 1 , comprising:
combining platelets with a polymer in solution to form a dispersion, the platelets having an aspect ratio of length to thickness of at least 2:1; and
forming a polymer electrolyte membrane from the dispersion, including applying shear to the dispersion to align the platelets generally parallel to a length of the membrane.
21. A membrane electrode assembly comprising:
a polymer electrolyte membrane, a ratio of a length of the membrane to a thickness of the membrane being at least 10:1; and
first and second electrodes, spaced by the membrane;
the membrane comprising:
an ion-conducting polymeric electrolyte material; and
platelets, distributed through the polymeric electrolyte material, the platelets having an aspect ratio of length to thickness of at least 2:1, and wherein the platelets are aligned generally parallel to the length of the membrane.