Bismuth-based firearm projectiles, firearm cartridges including the same, and related methods
Bismuth-based firearm projectiles, optionally firearm cartridges containing the same, and methods for forming bismuth-tin-copper alloys or bismuth-nickel alloys and bismuth-based firearm projectiles are disclosed herein. The bismuth-based firearm projectiles include a projectile body comprising a bismuth-tin-copper alloy or bismuth-nickel alloy that forms at least 90 wt % of the projectile body.
1. A bismuth-based firearm projectile, comprising:
a projectile body comprising a bismuth-nickel alloy that forms at least 90 weight percent (wt %) of the projectile body;
wherein the bismuth-nickel alloy comprises an alloy of bismuth and nickel; and
wherein the bismuth-nickel alloy comprises 95-99.9 wt % bismuth and 0.1-5 wt % nickel; and
wherein the bismuth-nickel alloy does not comprise copper or silver.
2. The firearm projectile of claim 1 , wherein the bismuth-nickel alloy comprises at least one of at least 0.5 wt % nickel, at least 0.75 wt % nickel, at most 0.5 wt % nickel, at most 0.75 wt % nickel, at most 1 wt % nickel, at most 1.5 wt % nickel, at most 2 wt % nickel, at most 3 wt % nickel, and at most 5 wt % nickel.
3. The firearm projectile of claim 1 , wherein the bismuth-nickel alloy comprises 99-99.9 wt % bismuth and 0.1-1 wt % nickel.
4. The firearm projectile of claim 1 , wherein the bismuth-nickel alloy comprises 99.2-99.9 wt % bismuth and 0.1-0.8 wt % nickel.
5. The firearm projectile of claim 1 , wherein the bismuth-nickel alloy forms at least one of at least 92 wt %, at least 94 wt %, at least 96 wt %, at least 98 wt %, at least 99 wt %, and at most 100 wt % of the projectile body.
6. The firearm projectile of claim 1 , further comprising a coating applied to an exterior of the projectile body.
7. The firearm projectile of claim 6 , wherein the coating is a copper jacket.
8. The firearm projectile of claim 6 , wherein the coating includes one or more of copper, a copper alloy, nickel, a nickel alloy, iron, an iron alloy, zinc, aluminum, tungsten, and gilding metal.
9. The firearm projectile of claim 1 , wherein the projectile body comprises a stiffness that is at most 50% of a stiffness of a bismuth-tin projectile body of an equivalent size and shape, wherein the bismuth-tin projectile body consists of a 95Bi5Sn alloy bismuth-tin alloy.
10. The firearm projectile of claim 9 , wherein the stiffness of the projectile body is a threshold fraction of the stiffness of the bismuth-tin projectile body, and wherein the threshold fraction is at least one of at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at most 70%, at most 80%, and at most 90%.
11. The firearm projectile of claim 1 , wherein the projectile body comprises a density of at least one of at least 9.4 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc), at least 9.5 g/cc, at least 9.55 g/cc, at least 9.6 g/cc, at least 9.65 g/cc, at least 9.7 g/cc, at least 9.71 g/cc, at least 9.72 g/cc, at least 9.73 g/cc, at least 9.74 g/cc, at least 9.75 g/cc, at most 9.72 g/cc, at most 9.73 g/cc, at most 9.74 g/cc, at most 9.75 g/cc, at most 9.76 g/cc, and at most 9.78 g/cc.
12. The firearm projectile of claim 1 , wherein the nickel is at least substantially dissolved in the bismuth.
13. The firearm projectile of claim 1 , wherein the bismuth-nickel alloy comprises one or more Bi—Ni alloy domains.
14. The firearm projectile of claim 1 , wherein the bismuth-nickel alloy is one or more of an annealed alloy, a stress-relieved alloy, and a heat-treated alloy.
15. The firearm projectile of claim 1 , wherein the bismuth-based firearm projectile is a frangible firearm projectile, wherein the frangible firearm projectile has a weight and is configured to break entirely into small particulate when fired at a metal surface at close range from a firearm cartridge, and wherein the small particulate has a maximum particle weight of 5% of the weight of the frangible firearm projectile.
16. A firearm cartridge, comprising:
a casing that defines an internal volume;
a propellant disposed in the internal volume;
a primer disposed in the internal volume and configured to ignite the propellant;
the bismuth-based firearm projectile of claim 1 at least partially received in the casing.
17. A method for forming the bismuth-based firearm projectile of claim 1 , the method comprising:
preparing the bismuth-nickel alloy;
extruding the bismuth-nickel alloy into a wire;
forming the wire into the projectile body of the bismuth-based firearm projectile of claim 1 .
18. The method of claim 17 , comprising:
after the extruding step, dividing the wire of the bismuth-nickel alloy; and
forming a plurality of projectiles from the divided wire.
19. A bismuth-based firearm projectile, comprising:
a projectile body comprising a bismuth-nickel alloy that forms at least 90 weight percent (wt %) of the projectile body;
wherein the bismuth-nickel alloy consists essentially of an alloy of bismuth and nickel;
wherein the bismuth-nickel alloy comprises 95-99.9 wt % bismuth and 0.1-5 wt % nickel; and
wherein the bismuth-nickel alloy does not comprise copper or silver.
20. A method for forming the bismuth-based firearm projectile of claim 19 , the method comprising:
preparing the bismuth-nickel alloy;
extruding the bismuth-nickel alloy into a wire;
forming the wire into the projectile body of the bismuth-based firearm projectile of claim 19 .