Passive pressure sensor with a piezoelectric diaphragm and a non-piezoelectric substrate
There are disclosed pressure-sensitive acoustic resonators and remote pressure sensing systems and methods. A pressure-sensitive acoustic resonator includes a conductor pattern formed on a planar surface of a non-piezoelectric substrate, the conductor pattern including an interdigital conductor pattern (ICP); and a diaphragm, the diaphragm being a portion of a plate of single-crystal piezoelectric material, the diaphragm having a front surface exposed to an environment and a back surface facing, but not contacting, the ICP.
1. A pressure-sensitive acoustic resonator, comprising:
a conductor pattern on a planar surface of a non-piezoelectric substrate, the conductor pattern including an interdigital conductor pattern (ICP); and
a piezoelectric diaphragm having a front surface exposed to an environment and a back surface facing, but not contacting, the ICP, such that the back surface of the piezoelectric diaphragm is separated from the ICP by a gap,
wherein the piezoelectric diaphragm does not include a conductor pattern directly disposed on either the front surface or the back surface thereof,
wherein the conductor pattern comprises a single set of interleaved fingers on one surface of the non-piezoelectric substrate, and
wherein the acoustic resonator is configured as a film bulk acoustic resonator.
2. The pressure-sensitive acoustic resonator of claim 1 , wherein a resonance frequency of the pressure-sensitive acoustic resonator is based at least in part on a distance between the back surface of the piezoelectric diaphragm and the planar surface of the substrate.
3. The pressure-sensitive acoustic resonator of claim 2 , wherein the back surface of the piezoelectric diaphragm is configured to move relative to the planar surface of the substrate in response to a change in an air pressure on the front surface of the piezoelectric diaphragm, resulting in a corresponding change in the resonance frequency of the pressure-sensitive acoustic resonator.
4. The pressure-sensitive acoustic resonator of claim 1 , wherein, in an equilibrium state where air pressures on the front and back surfaces of the piezoelectric diaphragm are equal:
the front surface of the piezoelectric diaphragm, the back surface of the piezoelectric diaphragm and the planar surface of the substrate are substantially parallel, and
the back surface of the piezoelectric diaphragm is separated from the planar surface of the substrate by an equilibrium distance.
5. The pressure-sensitive acoustic resonator of claim 4 , further comprising:
a piezoelectric plate that includes a portion forming the piezoelectric diaphragm;
a spacer that connects the substrate to the piezoelectric plate outside of at least a portion of a perimeter of the piezoelectric diaphragm,
wherein a thickness of the spacer determines the equilibrium distance between the back surface of the piezoelectric diaphragm and the planar surface of the substrate.
6. The pressure-sensitive acoustic resonator of claim 5 , wherein the spacer connects the substrate to the piezoelectric plate outside of all of the perimeter of the piezoelectric diaphragm.
7. The pressure-sensitive acoustic resonator of claim 6 , further comprising one or more pressure relief holes extending through the piezoelectric diaphragm.
8. The pressure-sensitive acoustic resonator of claim 5 , wherein the perimeter of the piezoelectric diaphragm has a rectangular shape, and the spacer connects the substrate to the piezoelectric plate along two opposing sides of the piezoelectric diaphragm.
9. The pressure-sensitive acoustic resonator of claim 1 , wherein the conductor pattern further includes a planar antenna connected to the ICP.
10. The pressure-sensitive acoustic resonator of claim 9 , wherein the planar antenna is one of a dipole antenna, a tapered slot antenna, a loop antenna, and a patch antenna.
11. The pressure sensitive acoustic resonator of claim 1 , wherein:
the piezoelectric diaphragm is YX cut lithium niobate, having a crystalline Y axis normal to the front and back surfaces of the piezoelectric diaphragm, and
the ICP is configured parallel to a Z axis to excite SH0 shear waves in the piezoelectric diaphragm such that an acoustic energy flow is along an X axis and main shear displacements are oriented parallel to the Z axis.
12. The pressure sensitive acoustic resonator of claim 1 , wherein
the piezoelectric diaphragm is lithium niobate with Euler angles [0°, 60° to 180°, 0°], and
the ICP is configured to excite quasi-shear waves in the piezoelectric diaphragm such that an acoustic energy flow is along an X axis.
13. The pressure sensitive acoustic resonator of claim 1 , wherein:
the piezoelectric diaphragm is lithium niobate of a ZY-cut with a crystalline Z axis normal to the front and back surfaces of the piezoelectric diaphragm, and
the ICP is configured parallel to an X-axis to excite shear waves in the piezoelectric diaphragm such that an acoustic energy flow is along the Z axis.
14. The pressure sensitive acoustic resonator of claim 1 , wherein:
the piezoelectric diaphragm is lithium niobate with Euler angles [0°, −15° to 0°, 90°], and
the ICP is configured to excite shear waves in the piezoelectric diaphragm such that acoustic shear waves propagate up and down along an axis perpendicular to the front and back surfaces of the piezoelectric diaphragm.
15. The pressure sensitive acoustic resonator of claim 1 , wherein:
the piezoelectric diaphragm is lithium niobate with Euler angles [0°, 100° to 150°, 0°], and
the ICP is configured to excite shear waves in the piezoelectric diaphragm such that acoustic shear waves propagate up and down along an axis perpendicular to the front and back surfaces of the piezoelectric diaphragm.
16. A remote pressure sensing system, comprising:
a passive pressure sensor including a pressure-sensitive acoustic resonator coupled to a first antenna; and
a reader comprising:
a transmitter configured to transmit, via a second antenna, an interrogation signal to the passive pressure sensor,
a receiver configured to receive a response signal from the passive pressure sensor, and
a controller to determine an air pressure at the passive sensor based on the response signal, wherein the pressure-sensitive acoustic resonator comprises:
a conductor pattern on a planar surface of a non-piezoelectric substrate, the conductor pattern including an interdigital conductor pattern (ICP); and
a piezoelectric diaphragm having a front surface exposed to an environment and a back surface facing, but not contacting, the ICP, such that the back surface of the piezoelectric diaphragm is separated from the ICP by a gap,
wherein the piezoelectric diaphragm does not include a conductor pattern directly disposed on either the front surface or the back surface thereof,
wherein the conductor pattern comprises a single set of interleaved fingers on one surface of the non-piezoelectric substrate, and
wherein the acoustic resonator is configured as a film bulk acoustic resonator.
17. The remote pressure sensing system of claim 16 , wherein the passive pressure sensor is configured to generate the response signal by reflecting at least a portion of the interrogation signal.
18. The remote pressure sensing system of claim 16 , wherein a change in an air pressure on the front surface of the piezoelectric diaphragm causes the back surface of the piezoelectric diaphragm to move relative to the surface of the substrate, resulting in a corresponding change in a resonance frequency of the pressure-sensitive acoustic resonator.
19. The remote pressure sensing system of claim 18 , wherein:
the interrogation signal has a frequency proximate an equilibrium resonance frequency of the pressure-sensitive acoustic resonator, and
the method further comprises determining, by the controller, an air pressure at the passive sensor based on an amplitude of the response signal.
20. The remote pressure sensing system of claim 18 , wherein:
the interrogation signal is one of a frequency-swept signal and a broadband signal, and
the method further comprises determining, by the controller, an air pressure at the passive sensor based on a frequency spectrum of the response signal.
21. A method for remotely measuring pressure, comprising:
transmitting an interrogation signal to a passive pressure sensor including a pressure-sensitive acoustic resonator;
receiving a response signal from the passive pressure sensor; and
determining an air pressure at the passive sensor based on the response signal, wherein the pressure-sensitive acoustic resonator comprises:
a conductor pattern on a planar surface of a non-piezoelectric substrate, the conductor pattern including an interdigital conductor pattern (ICP); and
a piezoelectric diaphragm having a front surface exposed to an environment and a back surface facing, but not contacting, the ICP, such that the back surface of the piezoelectric diaphragm is separated from the ICP by a gap,
wherein the piezoelectric diaphragm does not include a conductor pattern directly disposed on either the front surface or the back surface thereof,
wherein the conductor pattern comprises a single set of interleaved fingers on one surface of the non-piezoelectric substrate, and
wherein the acoustic resonator is configured as a film bulk acoustic resonator.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein
a change in an air pressure on the front surface of the piezoelectric diaphragm causes the back surface of the piezoelectric diaphragm to move relative to the planar surface of the substrate, resulting in a corresponding change in a resonance frequency of the pressure-sensitive acoustic resonator, and
the method further comprises generating, by the pressure-sensitive acoustic resonator, the response signal by reflecting at least a portion of the interrogation signal.
23. The method of claim 22 , wherein:
transmitting the interrogation signal comprises transmitting a signal having a frequency proximate an equilibrium resonance frequency of the pressure-sensitive acoustic resonator, and
determining an air pressure at the passive sensor comprises determining the air pressure based on an amplitude of the response signal.
24. The method of claim 22 , wherein:
transmitting the interrogation signal comprises transmitting one of a frequency-swept signal and a broadband signal, and
determining an air pressure at the passive sensor comprises determining the air pressure based on a frequency spectrum of the response signal.