Permanent magnet, rotary electrical machine, and vehicle

1. A method of manufacturing a permanent magnet, comprising:

preparing an alloy powder, the alloy powder being expressed by a composition formula: R p Fe q M r Cu s Co 100-p-q-r-s where R is at least one element selected from the group consisting of rare-earth elements, M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Zr, Ti, and Hf, p is a number satisfying 10.5≤p≤12.5 atomic percent, q is a number satisfying 25≤q≤40 atomic percent, r is a number satisfying 0.88≤r≤4.5 atomic percent, and s is a number satisfying 3.5≤s≤10.7 atomic percent;

press-forming the alloy powder in a magnetic field to form a green compact;

sintering the green compact to form a sintered compact;

performing a solution heat treatment on the sintered compact at a temperature of not less than 1100° C. nor more than 1180° C.; and

performing an aging treatment on the compact after the solution heat treatment, the aging treatment including

heating the compact at a temperature of not lower than 550° C. nor higher than 680° C. for not less than 1 hour nor more than 100 hours, and then

cooling the compact at a cooling rate of not less than 0.1° C./minute nor more than 5° C./minute to a temperature of not lower than 20° C. nor higher than 500° C.,

wherein the magnet comprises a crystal grain having a main phase, the main phase including a TbCu 7 crystal phase,

wherein a volume ratio of the TbCu 7 crystal phase to the main phase is 95% or more,

wherein the TbCu 7 crystal phase has a variation in Cu concentration, and

wherein each of the variation at a first surface portion of the magnet, the variation at a second surface portion of the magnet, the variation at a first inner portion of the magnet and the variation at a second inner portion of the magnet, is 0.7 or more.

2. The method according to claim 1 ,

wherein the magnet gives an X-ray diffraction pattern having a relative intensity of a peak ascribed to a Th 2 Zn 17 crystal phase at a diffraction angle 2θ of 37.5 degree or more and 38.5 degree or less to a maximum peak ascribed to the TbCu 7 crystal phase, the relative intensity being 0.4 or less.

3. The method according to claim 1 ,

wherein the green compact is sintered at a temperature of not lower than 1180° C. nor higher than 1250° C. for not less than 0.5 hours nor more than 15 hours.

4. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising

performing a rapid cooling on the compact after the solution heat treatment before the aging treatment at a cooling rate of 150° C./minute or more to a room temperature.

5. The method according to claim 1 ,

wherein the alloy powder is prepared by pulverizing an alloy ingot made of a casting and expressed by the composition formula, the alloy powder having an average particle size of not less than 2 μm nor more than 8 μm.

6. The method according to claim 1 ,

wherein the green compact is sintered at a temperature of not lower than 1180° C. nor higher than 1250° C. for not less than 0.5 hours nor more than 15 hours,

and

wherein the magnet gives an X-ray diffraction pattern having a relative intensity of a peak ascribed to a Th 2 Zn 17 crystal phase at a diffraction angle 2θ of 37.5 degree or more and 38.5 degree or less to a maximum peak ascribed to the TbCu 7 crystal phase, the relative intensity being 0.4 or less.