Detecting anomalies in annular materials of single and dual casing string environments
An x-ray based cement evaluation tool for measurement of the density of material volumes within single, dual and multiple-casing wellbore environments is provided, the tool including at least an internal length comprising a sonde section, wherein said sonde section further comprises an x-ray source; a radiation shield for radiation measuring detectors; sonde-dependent electronics; and a plurality of tool logic electronics and PSUs, wherein the tool uses x-rays to illuminate the formation surrounding a borehole and a plurality of detectors are used to directly measure the density of the cement annuli and any variations in density within. Detectors used to measure casing standoff such that other detector responses are compensated for tool stand-off and centralization; a plurality of reference detectors is used to monitor the output of the x-ray source, and a shortest-axial offset detector is configured to distribute incoming photons into energy classifications such that photoelectric measurements may be made.
1 . An x-ray based borehole evaluation tool comprising:
an x-ray source;
a first detector group of azimuthally distributed detectors that is offset from the x-ray source in an axial direction by a first distance, the first detector group to measure density within a first radial depth of the tool using radiant energy generated by the x-ray source; and
a second detector group of azimuthally distributed detectors that is offset from the x-ray source in the axial direction by a second distance greater than the first distance, the second detector group to measure density within an annular region located between the first radial depth and a second radial depth greater than the first radial depth using the radiant energy, the second detector group comprising azimuthally-adjacent detectors to measure azimuthal density variations within the annular region,
wherein the tool is to deconvolve data from each detector using data from a corresponding azimuthally-coherent detector with a lower axial offset relative to the x-ray source.
2 . The tool of claim 1 , further comprising an additional detector to measure casing standoff such that other detector responses may be compensated for tool stand-off and centralization.
3 . The tool of claim 1 , further comprising a shortest-axial offset detector to generate photoelectric measurements by distributing incoming x-ray photons into energy classifications.
4 . The tool of claim 3 , wherein the shortest-axial offset detector is offset from the x-ray source in the axial direction by a third distance less than the first distance.
5 . The tool of claim 1 , wherein the tool is to vary an optimum-detector axial offset with respect to response sensitivity for the second detector group by modulating the radiant energy.
6 . The tool of claim 1 , wherein the tool is combinable with other measurement tools comprising one or more of neutron-porosity, natural gamma and array induction tools.
7 . The tool of claim 1 , further comprising an acoustic based measurement tool.
8 . The tool of claim 1 , wherein the tool is to determine a position, distribution and volume of fractures, either natural or artificial, within a formation.
9 . The tool of claim 1 , wherein the tool is integrated into a logging-while-drilling assembly.
10 . The tool of claim 1 , wherein the tool is powered by mud-turbine generators.
11 . The tool of claim 1 , wherein the tool is powered by batteries.
12 . The tool of claim 1 , wherein a first detector of the first detector group and a second detector of the second detector group are azimuthally-coherent detectors with a common azimuthal measurement direction and different axial offsets relative to the x-ray source, the azimuthally-coherent detectors to measure radial density variations in the common azimuthal measurement direction.
13 . The tool of claim 1 , further comprising a cylindrical collimator surrounding the x-ray source to control directionality of the radiant energy.
14 . A method of using an x-ray based borehole evaluation tool, the method comprising:
generating, by a first detector group of the tool, first output data that characterizes density within a first radial depth of the tool using radiant energy emitted by an x-ray source of the tool positioned within a borehole, the first detector group formed by azimuthally distributed detectors that are offset from the x-ray source in an axial direction by a first distance;
generating, by a second detector group of the tool using the radiant energy, second output data that characterizes density within an annular region located between the first radial depth and a second radial depth of the tool greater than the first radial depth, the second detector group formed by azimuthally distributed detectors that are offset from the x-ray source in the axial direction by a second distance greater than the first distance;
deconvoluting the second output data using lower order output data to reduce multiple Compton scatter event mechanisms within the second output data, the lower order output data characterizing density within a lower radial depth of the tool that is less than the second radial depth;
detecting a radial position of a density variation within the annular region using the first output data and the second output data; and
detecting an azimuthal position of the density variation using the second output data generated by azimuthally-adjacent detectors of the second detector group.
15 . The method of claim 14 , wherein a first detector of the first detector group and a second detector of the second detector group are azimuthally-coherent detectors with a common azimuthal measurement direction, the method further comprising:
detecting a radial position of the density variation in the common azimuthal measurement direction using the first output data and the second output data generated by the azimuthally-coherent detectors.
16 . The method of claim 14 , further comprising:
creating a two-dimensional density map using the first output data and the second output data, the two-dimensional density map characterizing density as a function of axial position and radial position with respect to the tool.
17 . The method of claim 14 , further comprising:
creating a plurality of two-dimensional density maps of the formation using the first output data and the second output data; and
creating a three-dimensional density map using the plurality of two-dimensional density maps, the three-dimensional density map indicative of density as a function of axial position, azimuthal position, and radial position with respect to the tool.
18 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the lower order output data and the lower radial depth are the first output data and the first radial depth, respectively, the method further comprising:
deconvoluting, using the first output data, third output data generated by a third detector group of the tool that is offset from the x-ray source in the axial direction by a third distance greater than the second distance, the third output data characterizing density within a third radial depth of the tool that is greater than the second radial depth.
19 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the lower order output data and the lower radial depth are fourth output data and a fourth radial depth, respectively, the method further comprising:
deconvoluting the first output data using the fourth output data that characterizes density within the fourth radial depth of the tool that is less than the first radial depth, the fourth output data generated by a fourth detector group of the tool that is offset from the x-ray source in the axial direction by a fourth distance less than the first distance.
20 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the first detector group includes a shortest-axial offset detector, the method further comprising:
generating photoelectric measurements using the shortest-axial offset detector by distributing incoming x-ray photons into energy classifications.