Organic solid crystals having helical structures formed using cholesteric liquid crystals

1. A method, comprising:

obtaining a substrate with an alignment layer and a film of a first solution on the alignment layer, the first solution including liquid crystals and organic crystal molecules distinct from liquid crystals, wherein the liquid crystals form a plurality of helically arranged liquid crystals on the alignment layer; and

crystallizing the organic crystal molecules to form organic solid crystal structures on the substrate, wherein the organic solid crystal structures laterally surround the plurality of helically arranged liquid crystals.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the organic solid crystal structures conform to shapes of the plurality of helically arranged liquid crystals.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the organic solid crystal structures define a plurality of helically shaped cavities, in which the plurality of helically arranged liquid crystals is located.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein an index of refraction of the organic solid crystal structures is at least 1.9.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the organic solid crystal structures include one or more polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons selected from a group consisting of naphthalene, anthracene, tetracene, pentacene, pyrene, polycene, fluoranthene, benzophenone, benzochromene, benzil, benzimidazole, benzene, hexachlorobenzene, nitropyridine-N-oxide, benzene-1, 4-dicarboxylic acid, diphenylacetylene, N-(4-nitrophenyl)-(s)-prolinal, 4,5-dicyanoimidazole, benzodithiophene, cyanopyridine, thienothiophene, stilbene, azobenzene, and their derivatives.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the organic solid crystals include one or more organic ring structures that include (i) one or more saturated cyclic compounds selected from a group consisting of cyclohexane, cyclopentane, tetrahydropyran, piperidine, tetrahydrofuran, pyrrolidine, tetrahydrothiophene and their derivatives and (ii) one or more unsaturated aromatic compounds selected from a group consisting of benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, thiophene, bi-phenyl, tolane, benzimidazole, diphenylacetylene, cyanopyridine, thienothiophene, dibenzothiophene, carbazole, silafluorene and their derivatives.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the one or more organic ring structures are coupled with one or more terminal groups selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 10 alkyl, alkenyl, —CN, —NCS, —SCN, —SF 5 , —Br, —Cl, —F, —OCF 3 , —CF 3 , mono- or polyfluorinated C 1 -C 10 alkyl, and alkoxy.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of helically arranged liquid crystals includes one or more liquid crystals selected from the group consisting of:

wherein:

R is independently selected from the group consisting of: H or (CH 2 ) n1 CH 2 X 1 ; and

R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of: H or (CH 2 ) n2 CH 2 X 1 , where X 1 is acrylate, methacrylate, vinyl acrylate, or H, wherein n 1 and n 2 ranges from zero to eight.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of helically arranged liquid crystals includes one or more liquid crystals selected from the group consisting of:

wherein:

R 2 is

R 3 is C 4 H 9 , and

X 1 is

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of helically arranged liquid crystals includes one or more non-cholesteric liquid crystals and chiral dopants.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the non-cholesteric liquid crystals are selected from the group consisting of:

R 4 -A-[L 1 ]-B-[L 2 ]-C-[L 3 ]-D-R 5 , wherein:

R 4 and R 5 are terminal groups selected from R′, R′O, CN, NCS, CF 3 , F, Cl, NO 2 , alkenyl, OO═C—CH 3 ═CH 2 , OO═C—CH═CH 2 , wherein R′ is C n H 2n+1 ;

A, B, C, and D are individually selected from the group consisting of:

and L 1 , L 2 , and L 3 are individually selected linking groups selected from the group consisting of: a carbon single bond, a carbon double bond, a carbon triple bond, —COO—, CH 2 CH 2 —, CH 2 O—, —CH═N—, —N═N—, and —N(O)═N—.

12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the plurality of helically arranged liquid crystals includes one or more non-cholesteric liquid crystals selected from the group consisting of:

wherein:

R 6 is selected from C n H 2n+1 and C n H 2n+1 O; and

X 3 is a terminal group selected from R′, R′O, CN, NCS, CF 3 , F, Cl, NO 2 , alkenyl, OO═C—CH 3 ═CH 2 , OO═C—CH═CH 2 , wherein R′ is C n H 2n+1 .

13. The method of claim 10 , wherein the chiral dopants are selected from the group consisting of:

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of helically arranged liquid crystals are polymerized.

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the organic solid crystal structures have a first surface and an opposing second surface, and the plurality of helically arranged liquid crystals extend from the first surface to the second surface about an axis normal to the first surface.

16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the organic solid crystal structures form a polarization selective and wavelength selective optical film.

17. The method of claim 1 , wherein crystallizing the organic solid crystal structures includes reducing a temperature of the first solution including organic crystal molecules or wherein removing a solvent from the first solution including organic crystal molecules.

18. The method of claim 1 , further including:

pretreating the substrate, prior to applying the film of the first solution, to add the alignment layer, wherein pretreating the substrate including generating a pattern on a surface of the substrate to form a patterned alignment layer or applying a coating of a photoalignment material on the surface of the substrate to form a photosensitive alignment layer.

19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first solution further includes a chiral dopant interacting with the liquid crystals.