High pressure liquid air power and storage
Apparatus, systems, and methods store energy by liquefying a gas such as air, for example, and then recover the energy by regasifying the liquid and combusting or otherwise reacting the gas with a fuel to drive a heat engine. The process of liquefying the gas may be powered with electric power from the grid, for example, and the heat engine may be used to generate electricity. Hence, in effect these apparatus, systems, and methods may provide for storing electric power from the grid and then subsequently delivering it back to the grid.
1. A method of recovering stored energy from liquid air or liquid air components, the method comprising:
pressurizing the liquid air or liquid air components to a pressure greater than or equal to about 80 atmospheres;
regasifying the pressurized liquid air or liquid air components to produce pressurized gaseous air or gaseous air components at a pressure greater than or equal to about 80 atmospheres using heat produced by combusting an exhaust gas stream from a high pressure turbine with a fuel;
expanding the pressurized gaseous air or gaseous air components through the high pressure turbine to form the exhaust gas stream; and
producing electricity with a generator driven by the high pressure turbine.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pressurized gaseous air or gaseous air components have a temperature of about 450° C. to about 650° C. at an inlet to the high pressure turbine.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein combustion of the exhaust gas stream from the high pressure turbine with the fuel occurs at a pressure of about one atmosphere.
4. The method of claim 1 , comprising at start-up of the method regasifying the pressurized liquid air or liquid air components to produce pressurized gaseous air or gaseous air components at a pressure greater than or equal to about 5 atmospheres using heat produced by combusting ambient air with the fuel.
5. The method of claim 1 , comprising producing the liquid air or liquid air components in an electrically powered liquefaction process and storing the liquid air or liquid air components for later regasification and expansion through the high pressure turbine.
6. The method of claim 5 , comprising preheating the exhaust gas stream from the high pressure turbine with heat rejected from the liquefaction process before combusting the exhaust gas stream from the high pressure turbine with the fuel.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the pressurized gaseous air or gaseous air components have a temperature of about 450° C. to about 650° C. at an inlet to the high pressure turbine; and
combustion of the exhaust gas stream from the high pressure turbine with the fuel occurs at a pressure of about one atmosphere.
8. The method of claim 1 , comprising:
expanding through a combustion turbine a hot combustion gas mix formed by combusting the exhaust gas stream from the high pressure turbine with the fuel;
producing electricity with a generator driven by the combustion turbine; and
regasifying the pressurized liquid air or liquid air components by heat transfer from an exhaust gas stream from the combustion turbine.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the exhaust gas stream from the high pressure turbine is exhausted from the high pressure turbine at a pressure of about 10 to about 25 atmospheres.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the pressurized gaseous air or gaseous air components have a temperature of about 400° C. to about 650° C. at an inlet to the high pressure turbine, and the hot combustion gas mix formed by combusting the exhaust gas stream from the high pressure turbine has a temperature of about 1000° C. to about 1400° C. at an inlet to the combustion turbine.
11. The method of claim 8 , comprising combusting uncombusted gaseous air or gaseous air components in the exhaust gas stream from the combustion turbine with additional fuel to heat the exhaust gas stream from the combustion turbine prior to regasifying the pressurized liquid air or liquid air components by heat transfer from the exhaust gas stream from the combustion turbine.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein combusting uncombusted gaseous air or gaseous air components in the exhaust gas stream from the combustion turbine with additional fuel to heat the exhaust gas stream from the combustion turbine occurs at about one atmospheric pressure.
13. The method of claim 11 , comprising combusting a stream of ambient air with the uncombusted gaseous air or gaseous air components in the exhaust gas stream from the combustion turbine and the additional fuel.
14. The method of claim 8 comprising, before regasifying the pressurized liquid air or liquid air components by heat transfer from the exhaust gas stream from the combustion turbine, preheating the pressurized liquid air or liquid air components with heat captured by condensing water out of the exhaust gas stream from the combustion turbine.
15. The method of claim 8 , comprising compressing the exhaust gas stream from the high pressure turbine prior to combusting the exhaust gas stream from the high pressure turbine with the fuel to form the hot combustion gas mix.
16. The method of claim 15 , comprising mixing ambient air with the exhaust gas stream from the high pressure turbine prior to compressing the exhaust gas stream from the high pressure turbine.
17. The method of claim 15 comprising, before regasifying the pressurized liquid air or liquid air components by heat transfer from the exhaust gas stream from the combustion turbine, preheating the pressurized liquid air or liquid air components with heat captured by condensing water out of the exhaust gas stream from the combustion turbine.
18. The method of claim 8 , comprising compressing ambient air and mixing it with the exhaust gas stream from the high pressure turbine prior to combusting the exhaust gas stream from the high pressure turbine with the fuel to form the hot combustion gas mix.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the exhaust gas stream from the high pressure turbine is exhausted from the high pressure turbine at a pressure of about 10 to about 25 atmospheres.
20. The method of claim 18 comprising, before regasifying the pressurized liquid air or liquid air components by heat transfer from the exhaust gas stream from the combustion turbine, preheating the pressurized liquid air or liquid air components with heat captured by condensing water out of the exhaust gas stream from the combustion turbine.