Hydrogen purification using molecular dynamics
A membrane is described for purifying or separating hydrogen from a multi-component gas stream such as syngas. This membrane uses a molecular pre-treatment, a transition metal, fluorine containing polymer, carbon fibers and carbon matrix sintered on a supportive screen. The membrane may be a bilayer membrane comprised of a layer containing high surface area carbon and another layer containing lower surface area carbon.
1. A multi-stage hybrid membrane, comprising:
a screen;
a first layer formed on the screen, the first layer comprising a mixture of carbon fibers, transition metal compounds, a fluorine containing polymer, and an additional carbon material; and
a second layer formed on the first layer, the second layer comprising a mixture of carbon fibers, transition metal compounds, a fluorine containing polymer, and activated carbon;
wherein the screen is configured to support the first and second layers;
wherein the first layer comprises a more porous structure than the second layer to provide prefiltering and faster throughput of material.
2. The multi-stage hybrid membrane of claim 1 , wherein the screen comprises a porous filter providing mechanical strength to the membrane while permitting the flow of incoming gas.
3. The multi-stage hybrid membrane of claim 2 , wherein the screen comprises one or more materials selected from the group consisting of: glass fiber, poly-para-phenylene terephthalamide, metal screen, ceramic, and polyester.
4. The multi-stage hybrid membrane of claim 3 , wherein the screen further comprises microporous filters comprising one or more materials selected from the group consisting of: nylon, polypropylene, polysulfone, poly-para-phenylene terephthalamide, polyvinylidene fluoride, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
5. The multi-stage hybrid membrane of claim 1 , wherein the screen comprises a ceramic filter having pore sizes of 0.1 microns or less.
6. The multi-stage hybrid membrane of claim 1 , wherein the first layer comprises at least one lower density carbon material such that it comprises a more permeable and open structure than the second layer.
7. The multi-stage hybrid membrane of claim 6 , wherein the at least one lower density carbon material is selected from the group consisting of: carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, carbon black derived from pet coke, acetylene or natural gas, and graphene.
8. The multi-stage hybrid membrane of claim 6 , wherein a porosity of at least one lower density carbon material with a spacing from a surface area across which is less than 300 m 2 /g.
9. The multi-stage hybrid membrane of claim 1 , wherein a porosity of the activated carbon being such that is has a surface area less than 300 m 2 /g.
10. The multi-stage hybrid membrane of claim 1 , wherein a porosity of the activated carbon is greater than 500 m 2 /g.
11. The multi-stage hybrid membrane of claim 1 , wherein a porosity of the activated carbon is greater than 700 m 2 /g.
12. The multi-stage hybrid membrane of claim 1 , wherein the activated carbon is derived sources selected from the group consisting of: coconut shells, almond shells, wood, biomass trimmings, and coal.
13. The multi-stage hybrid membrane of claim 1 , wherein the activated carbon includes nanopores less than 3 nm in diameter.
14. The multi-stage hybrid membrane of claim 1 , wherein the membrane is pre-treated by gas molecules from a gas stream containing methane and carbon dioxide.
15. The multi-stage hybrid membrane of claim 1 , wherein the membrane is used to separate hydrogen from a multi-component gas stream.
16. The multi-stage hybrid membrane of claim 15 , wherein the gas stream comprises syngas.