Redox-active compounds and uses thereof
Ferrocene based redox-active compounds have a total number of cyclopentadienyl substituents that is three or greater per ferrocene core. The cyclopentadienyl substituents generally have a linker and a solubilizing group. An aqueous solution of the redox-active compound and a salt may be used as an electrolyte. Aqueous compositions including the redox-active compounds may be used in electrodialysis systems.
1. A redox-active compound comprising:
a ferrocene core comprising two cyclopentadienyl ligands,
one or more substituents bonded to each of the cyclopentadienyl ligands, independently selected from —X—Y, where X is C 1 to C 12 straight or branched alkyl, and Y is a solubilizing group comprising one or more of oligo(ethyleneglycol), hydroxyl, trialkylammonio, alkylimidazolio, sulfonate, sulfate, carboxyl, phosphate, phosphonate, ammonium, or a nitrogen containing heterocycle, wherein a total number of substituents bonded to cyclopentadienyl ligands per ferrocene core is three or greater.
2. The redox-active compound of claim 1 , wherein the solubilizing group is trialkylammonio or alkylimidazolio comprising alkyl substituents, and wherein the alkyl substituents on the solubilizing group are independently C 1 to C 12 alkyl.
3. The redox-active compound of claim 1 , wherein Y is trialkylammonio and at least one of the alkyls is methyl.
4. The redox-active compound of claim 1 , wherein a total number of substituents bonded to the cyclopentadienyl ligands is four or greater per ferrocene core.
5. The redox-active compound of claim 1 , wherein X is C 2 to C 6 .
6. The redox-active compound of claim 1 , further comprising one or more counterions.
7. A redox-active composition comprising the redox-active compound of claim 1 .
8. An electrolyte composition comprising an aqueous solution of:
the redox-active compound of claim 1 ; and
salt.
9. The electrolyte composition of claim 8 , wherein the redox-active compound is present at a concentration of 2 wt-% or greater.
10. The electrolyte composition of claim 8 , wherein the redox-active compound is present at a concentration of up to 25 wt-%.
11. The electrolyte composition of claim 8 , wherein the salt comprises LiCl, LiBr, CaCl 2 , MgCl 2 , or a combination thereof.
12. The electrolyte composition of claim 8 , wherein the salt is present at a concentration of 1 wt-% or greater.
13. The electrolyte composition of claim 8 , wherein the salt is present at a concentration of up to 60 wt-%.
14. The electrolyte composition of claim 8 , wherein the aqueous solution has a pH of 3 to 11.
15. A system comprising:
an apparatus comprising:
a first reservoir comprising a first input and a first output;
a second reservoir comprising a second input and a second output;
a first electrolyte chamber comprising a first electrode;
a second electrolyte chamber comprising a second electrode;
a first type of membrane disposed between the first and second reservoirs, wherein the first and second reservoirs are in electrolytic communication with each other via the first type of membrane; and
a second type of membrane, different from the first type, disposed between the first electrolyte chamber and the first reservoir, wherein the first electrolyte chamber and the first reservoir are in electrolytic communication with each other via the second type of membrane, and disposed between the second electrolyte chamber and the second reservoir, wherein the second electrolyte chamber and the second reservoir are in electrolytic communication with each other via the second type of membrane;
a first solution disposed within the first electrolyte chamber; and
a second solution disposed within second electrolyte chamber;
one or both of the first and second solutions comprising the redox-active compound of claim 1 .
16. The system of claim 15 , wherein the solubilizing group is trialkylammonio or alkylimidazolio comprising alkyl substituents, and wherein the alkyl substituents on the solubilizing group are independently C 1 to C 12 alkyl.
17. The system of claim 15 , wherein Y is trialkylammonio and at least one of the alkyls is methyl.
18. The system of claim 15 , wherein a total number of substituents bonded to the cyclopentadienyl ligands is four or greater per ferrocene core.
19. The system of claim 15 , wherein X is C 2 to C 6 .