Measurement of an image sensor point spread function (PSF)
Techniques and arrangements that utilize speckle imaging and autocorrelation to estimate the PSF of an image sensor for a digital imaging apparatus, e.g., a camera or a scanner. In particular, a system of components described herein is a simple arrangement that does not require a complex setup. Therefore, the system is portable and easy to set up. Additionally, by utilizing autocorrelation, the calculations of PSF using data obtained by the system are simplified.
1. A method of determining point spread function (PSF) of an image sensor for an imaging apparatus, the method comprising:
generating, by a laser light source, a laser signal;
directing the laser signal through a diffuser toward a pixel of the image sensor;
based on the laser signal, exciting the pixel of the image sensor to generate an image, wherein a frequency band of the excitation is beyond the image sensor's Nyquist frequency;
multiplying pixel intensity values of the image with a windowing function;
performing a fast Fourier transform of the multiplied pixel intensity values of the image; and
calculating the PSF via autocorrelation of the transformed pixel intensity values.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein calculating the PSF based on pixel intensity values of the image via autocorrelation of the pixel intensity values comprises performing autocorrelation of the pixel intensity values in the spatial domain.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein calculating the PSF based on pixel intensity values of the image via autocorrelation of the pixel intensity values comprises performing autocorrelation of the pixel intensity values in the frequency domain.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein performing autocorrelation of the pixel intensity values in the frequency domain comprises:
calculating a magnitude of the fast Fourier transform; and
calculating an inverse Fourier transform of the magnitude.
5. The method of claim 4 , further comprising:
prior to calculating the PSF, windowing the image.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the laser light source is configured to create a sufficiently large spot of light on the diffuser that generates a required speckle size of the image.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the laser signal is a divergent laser signal.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the laser light source includes optical elements that allow control of a light spot size on a surface of the diffuser.
9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
normalizing the PSF to [0,1].
10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
determining a plurality of PSF values under different parameters; and
calculating an average PSF value of the image sensor.
11. A system for determining point spread function (PSF) of an image sensor for an imaging apparatus, the system comprising:
a light source;
a diffuser between the light source and the light source; and
a control system, wherein the control system is configured to cause the system to perform actions comprising:
generating a laser signal;
directing the laser signal through a diffuser toward a pixel of the image sensor;
based on the laser signal, exciting the pixel of the image sensor to generate an image, wherein a frequency band of the excitation is beyond the image sensor's Nyquist frequency;
multiplying pixel intensity values of the image with a windowing function;
performing a fast Fourier transform of the multiplied pixel intensity values of the image; and
calculating the PSF via autocorrelation of the transformed pixel intensity values.
12. The system of claim 11 , wherein calculating the PSF based on pixel intensity values of the image via autocorrelation of the pixel intensity values comprises performing autocorrelation of the pixel intensity values in the spatial domain.
13. The system of claim 11 , wherein calculating the PSF based on pixel intensity values of the image via autocorrelation of the pixel intensity values comprises performing autocorrelation of the pixel intensity values in the frequency domain.
14. The system of claim 13 , wherein performing autocorrelation of the pixel intensity values in the frequency domain comprises:
calculating a magnitude of the fast Fourier transform; and
calculating an inverse Fourier transform of the magnitude.
15. The system of claim 14 , wherein the actions further comprise:
prior to calculating the PSF, windowing the image.
16. The system of claim 11 , wherein the light source is configured to create a sufficiently large spot of light that generates a required speckle size of the image.
17. The system of claim 16 , wherein the laser signal is a divergent laser signal.
18. The system of claim 11 , wherein the light source includes optical elements that allow control of a light spot size on a surface of the diffuser.
19. The system of claim 11 , wherein the actions further comprise:
normalizing the PSF to [0,1].
20. The system of claim 11 , wherein the actions further comprise:
determining a plurality of PSF values under different parameters; and
calculating an average PSF value of the image sensor.