Modified carbon nanomaterials as tracers for reservoir monitoring
A carbon nanoparticle and methods of making and using a carbon nanoparticle are provided. The carbon nanoparticle includes a reaction product of an organic reactant, an alkoxy amine, and an organometallic compound. The organometallic compound includes an element selected from the group consisting of a rare earth element, a transition metal element, and combinations thereof, and the carbon nanoparticle includes from 0.5 to 50 wt. % of the element. A method of making the carbon nanoparticle is also provided. The method includes combining the organic reactant, the alkoxy amine, and the organometallic compound into a mixture and heating the mixture such that the carbon nanoparticle forms. A method of determining a flow characteristic of a formation or an attribute of a fluid in a formation using the carbon nanoparticle is also provided.
1. A carbon nanoparticle comprising:
a reaction product of an organic reactant, an alkoxy amine, and an organometallic compound, where the organometallic compound is a rare earth element;
wherein
the carbon nanoparticle comprises from 15.0 to 40 wt. % of the rare earth element, and
the carbon nanoparticle is fluorescent.
2. The carbon nanoparticle of claim 1 , comprising an average particle size of from 5 nm (nanometers) to about 100 nm.
3. The carbon nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein the carbon nanoparticle is hydrophilic.
4. The carbon nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein the element is a rare earth element selected from the group consisting of La 3+ , Ce 3+/4+ , Pr 3+ , Nd 3+ , Pm 3+ , Sm 3+ Eu 3+ , Gd 3+ , Tb 3+ , Dy 3+ , Ho 3+ , Er 3+ , Tm 3+ , Yb 3+ , Lu 3+ , Th 3+ , and U 4+ .