Impedance adjustment in wireless power transmission systems and methods

1. A power transmitting apparatus configured to wirelessly transmit power to a power receiving apparatus connected to an electrical load, the power transmitting apparatus comprising:

a circuit comprising an inductive element formed by at least one loop of conductive material, wherein the inductive element forms a resonator with at least a portion of the circuit; and

a controller configured to:

receive a signal indicating a phase difference between voltage and current waveforms associated with impedance matching circuitry of a power source of the power transmitting apparatus;

compare the phase difference between the voltage and current waveforms to one or more range limits for the phase difference to determine whether the phase difference is within an allowable range of phase differences;

adjust an impedance of the circuit by adjusting at least one of a tunable capacitance and a tunable inductance in the circuit if the phase difference is outside the allowable range of phase differences; and

transmit a control signal to a power amplifier of the power source to adjust at least one of a phase, a duty cycle, and a bus voltage of an amplifier of the power source if the phase difference is within the allowable range of phase differences, to drive the power transmitting apparatus toward a target output power.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the signal comprises an output waveform from a detector, wherein one or more pulses of the output waveform comprise a pulse width that corresponds to the phase difference.

3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the controller is configured to adjust the impedance of the circuit to reduce the phase difference by:

receiving a second output waveform from the detector, wherein one or more pulses of the second output waveform comprise a pulse width that corresponds to a phase difference between voltage and current waveforms associated with the impedance matching circuitry of a power source of the power transmitting apparatus following adjustment of the circuit impedance; and

comparing the phase difference between the voltage and current waveforms following adjustment of the circuit impedance to a previously determined phase difference between voltage and current waveforms associated with the impedance matching circuitry of the power source of the power transmitting apparatus to determine whether the phase difference is reduced.

4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the controller is configured to adjust the at least one of a tunable capacitance and a tunable inductance in the circuit to decrease an overall impedance of the circuit to reduce the phase difference.

5. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the controller is further configured to adjust the at least one of a tunable capacitance and a tunable inductance in the circuit to increase an overall impedance of the circuit to increase the phase difference.

6. The apparatus of claim 2 , further comprising the detector, wherein the detector is coupled to the power source and to the controller, and comprises:

a first input terminal configured to receive a first waveform corresponding to the voltage waveform;

a second input terminal configured to receive a second waveform corresponding to the current waveform; and

at least one logic unit,

wherein the at least one logic unit is configured to generate the output waveform.

7. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the at least one logic unit comprises:

a first logic unit connected to the first and second input terminals and configured to generate a third waveform based on the first and second waveforms; and

a second logic unit configured to receive the third waveform and configured to generate the output waveform based on the third waveform.

8. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein:

the first logic unit is configured to perform a logical AND operation with the first and second waveforms as input to generate the third waveform; and

the second logic unit is configured to perform a logical XOR operation with the third waveform as input to generate the output waveform.

9. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the output waveform comprises one or more pulses having a pulse width that corresponds to a temporal offset between the first and second waveforms.

10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controller is further configured to receive information about a phase difference between a voltage waveform and a current waveform associated with an amplifier of the power source of the power transmitting apparatus.

11. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the voltage and current waveforms correspond to one member selected from the group consisting of voltage and current waveforms within the impedance matching circuitry, voltage and current waveforms at an output of the impedance matching circuitry, and voltage and current waveforms at an input of the impedance matching circuitry.

12. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controller is configured to transmit a control signal to the power source to adjust a frequency of an oscillating current delivered to the circuit by the power source, based on the target output power of the power transmitting apparatus.

13. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the power receiving apparatus is mounted to an electric vehicle and the electrical load is an electrical load of the vehicle, and wherein the controller is configured to transmit multiple control signals to the power amplifier to adjust the at least one of the phase, the duty cycle, and the bus voltage of the amplifier of the power source as the electrical load of the vehicle varies to drive the power transmitting apparatus toward different target output powers.

14. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the electrical load comprises one or more batteries of an electrical vehicle, and wherein the controller is configured to transmit multiple control signals to the power amplifier to adjust the at least one of the phase, the duty cycle, and the bus voltage of the amplifier of the power source as the electrical load varies to drive the power transmitting apparatus toward different target output powers.

15. A method comprising:

wirelessly transferring power from a power transmitting apparatus to a power receiving apparatus connected to an electrical load;

measuring a voltage waveform associated with impedance matching circuitry of a power source of the power transmitting apparatus;

measuring a current waveform associated with the impedance matching circuitry of the power source;

determining a phase difference between the voltage and current waveforms;

comparing the phase difference to one or more range limits for the phase difference to determine whether the phase difference is within an allowable range of phase differences;

adjusting at least one of a tunable capacitance and a tunable inductance of a circuit of the power transmitting apparatus if the phase difference is outside the allowable range of phase differences; and

adjusting at least one of a phase, a duty cycle, and a bus voltage of an amplifier of the power source if the phase difference is within the allowable range of phase differences, to drive the power transmitting apparatus toward a target output power.

16. The method of claim 15 , further comprising adjusting a frequency of an oscillating current delivered to the circuit by the power source, based on the target output power of the power transmitting apparatus.

17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the voltage and current waveforms correspond to one member selected from the group consisting of voltage and current waveforms within impedance matching circuitry of the circuit, voltage and current waveforms at an output of impedance matching circuitry of the circuit, and voltage and current waveforms at an input of impedance matching circuitry of the circuit.

18. The method of claim 15 , wherein determining the phase difference between the voltage and current waveforms comprises:

performing a logical AND operation with the voltage and current waveforms as input to generate an intermediate waveform;

performing a logical XOR operation with the intermediate waveform as input to generate an output waveform, wherein the output waveform comprises one or more pulses comprising a pulse width that corresponds to the phase difference between the voltage and current waveforms; and

measuring the pulse width to determine the phase difference.

19. The method of claim 18 , wherein adjusting the at least one of a tunable capacitance and a tunable inductance of a circuit of the power transmitting apparatus to reduce the phase difference comprises:

measuring a second voltage waveform associated with the impedance matching circuitry of the power source of the power transmitting apparatus;

measuring a second current waveform associated with the impedance matching circuitry of the power source;

determining a second phase difference between the second voltage and second current waveforms; and

comparing the second phase difference between the second voltage and second current waveforms to a previously determined phase difference between measured voltage and current waveforms associated with the impedance matching circuitry of the power source of the power transmitting apparatus to determine whether the phase difference is reduced.

20. The method of claim 15 , further comprising adjusting the at least one of a tunable capacitance and a tunable inductance of a circuit of the power transmitting apparatus if the phase difference is outside the allowable range of phase differences to reduce the phase difference.

21. The method of claim 15 , wherein the power receiving apparatus is mounted to an electric vehicle and the electrical load is an electrical load of the vehicle, the method comprising:

performing multiple adjustments of the at least one of the phase, the duty cycle, and the bus voltage of the amplifier of the power source as the electrical load varies to drive the power transmitting apparatus toward different target output powers.