Air pocket structures for promoting total internal reflection in a waveguide
Recesses are formed on a front side and a rear side of a waveguide. A solid porogen material is spun onto the front side and the rear side and fills the recesses. First front and rear cap layers are then formed on raised formations of the waveguide and on the solid porogen material. The entire structure is then heated and the solid porogen material decomposes to a porogen gas. The first front and rear cap layers are porous to allow the porogen gas to escape and air to enter into the recesses. The air maximizes a difference in refractive indices between the high-index transparent material of the waveguide and the air to promote reflection in the waveguide from interfaces between the waveguide and the air.
1. A method of manufacturing an optical system comprising:
forming a stack that includes a waveguide, a solid porogen material and a cap layer; and
replacing the porogen material with an optical gas, thereby securing the cap layer to the waveguide, the cap layer being made of a select transparent material and the waveguide being made of a high-index transparent material having front and rear sides, a cavity being defined between the cap layer and the waveguide with an optical gas in the cavity, wherein, in use, a source of ambient light is located on the front side of the waveguide, a beam of the ambient light transmits in the select transparent material of the cap layer, in the cavity holding the optical gas and in the high-index transparent material of the waveguide.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cap layer is a front cap layer located between the source of ambient light and the front side of the waveguide and the beam of the ambient light transmits sequentially through the select transparent material of the front cap layer, through the cavity holding the optical gas and into the high-index transparent material of the waveguide.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the select transparent material of the front cap layer is an anti-reflective material that increases absorption of the ambient light by the front surface of the waveguide and reduces reflection of the ambient light by the front surface of the waveguide.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the high-index material is one of high-index glass, high-index lithium niobate, lithium tantalite and silicon carbide.
5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the high-index material has a refractive index of at least 1.74.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the optical gas has an index of refraction of less than 1.3.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the optical gas is air with an index of refraction of 1.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the porogen material is removed by:
heating the porogen material to a decomposition temperature wherein the porogen material turns into a sacrificial gas; and
removing the sacrificial gas from the cavity.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the select material of the cap layer is porous and the sacrificial gas outgasses through the select material of the cap layer.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the cap layer is made of SiOx having a thickness of at least 12 nm, wherein x is variable.
11. The method of claim 8 , wherein the porogen material decomposes at a decomposition temperature of between 120° C. and 230° C.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein multiple cavities are defined between the cap layer and the waveguide and an optical gas in each respective cavity.
13. The method of claim 12 , further comprising:
forming the front side of the waveguide to have a plurality of recesses and a plurality of raised formations, each raised formation being located between two of the recesses; and
supporting first portions of the cap layer with the raised formations with second portions of the cap layer that are located between the first portions of the cap layer being located over the recesses to that a respective one of the cavities is defined by a respective on of the second portions of the cap layer and a respective one of the recesses in the front side of the waveguide.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein each recess has a depth and a width and the width is less than 300 microns.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the recesses are imprinted on the front side.
16. The method of claim 13 , further comprising:
forming a conformal layer on the front side of the waveguide, the conformal layer being made of a transparent material.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cap layer is a front cap layer located between the source of ambient light and the front side of the waveguide and the cavity is a front cavity between the front cap layer and the front side of the waveguide, further comprising;
securing a rear cap layer of a select transparent material to the waveguide, a rear cavity being defined between the rear cap layer and the rear of the waveguide with an optical gas in the rear cavity, such that, if a source of ambient light is located on the front side of the waveguide, a beam of the ambient light transmits in the high-index transparent material of the waveguide, in the rear cavity holding the optical gas and in the select transparent material of the rear cap layer.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cap layer is a first cap layer and the select transparent material is a first select transparent material, further comprising:
securing a second cap layer of a second select transparent material to the first cap layer.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the second cap layer is more rigid than the first cap layer.
20. The method of claim 18 , wherein at least one of the select transparent materials of the cap layers is an anti-reflective material that increases absorption of the ambient light by the front surface of the waveguide and reduces reflection of the ambient light by the front surface of the waveguide.
21. The method of claim 20 , further comprising:
forming a stack of cap layers having refractive indices that alter in magnitude.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the cap layers are made of SiOx having a refractive index of 1.45 and TiOx having a refractive index between 2.2 and 2.3, wherein x is variable.
23. An optical system, comprising:
a waveguide of a high-index transparent material having front and rear sides;
a stack of cap layers having refractive indices that alter in magnitude, including:
a first cap layer of a first select transparent material secured to the waveguide, a cavity being defined between the cap layer and the waveguide; and
a second cap layer of a second select transparent material secured to the first cap layer, wherein the second cap layer is more rigid than the first cap layer; and
an optical gas in the cavity, wherein, in use, if a source of ambient light is located on the front side of the waveguide, a beam of the ambient light transmits in the select transparent material of the cap layer, in the cavity holding the optical gas and in the high-index transparent material of the waveguide, wherein at least one of the select transparent materials of the cap layers is an anti-reflective material that increases absorption of the ambient light by the front surface of the waveguide and reduces reflection of the ambient light by the front surface of the waveguide, wherein the cap layers are made of SiOx having a refractive index of 1.45 and TiOx having a refractive index between 2.2 and 2.3, wherein x is variable.
24. A method of manufacturing an optical system comprising:
forming a stack of cap layers having refractive indices that alter in magnitude, including:
securing a first cap layer of a first select transparent material to a waveguide of a high-index transparent material having front and rear sides, a cavity being defined between the cap layer and the waveguide with an optical gas in the cavity; and
securing a second cap layer of a second select transparent material to the first cap layer, wherein the second cap layer is more rigid than the first cap layer wherein, in use, a source of ambient light is located on the front side of the waveguide, a beam of the ambient light transmits in the select transparent material of the cap layer, in the cavity holding the optical gas and in the high-index transparent material of the waveguide, wherein at least one of the select transparent materials of the cap layers is an anti-reflective material that increases absorption of the ambient light by the front surface of the waveguide and reduces reflection of the ambient light by the front surface of the waveguide, wherein the cap layers are made of SiOx having a refractive index of 1.45 and TiOx having a refractive index between 2.2 and 2.3, wherein x is variable.