Three section configuration for compressed air energy storage systems
A method of temporarily storing thermal energy via a thermal storage subsystem in a compressed air energy storage system comprising an accumulator disposed at least 300 m underground and having an interior configured to contain compressed air at an accumulator pressure that is at least 20 bar and a gas compressor/expander subsystem in communication with the accumulator via an air flow path for conveying compressed air to the accumulator when in a charging mode and from the accumulator when in a discharging mode.
1. A method of temporarily storing thermal energy via a thermal storage subsystem in a compressed air energy storage system comprising an accumulator disposed at least 300 m underground and having an interior configured to contain compressed air at an accumulator pressure that is at least 20 bar and a gas compressor/expander subsystem in communication with the accumulator via an air flow path for conveying compressed air to the accumulator when in a charging mode and from the accumulator when in a discharging mode, the method comprising, when in the charging mode:
a) providing each of a first heat exchanger, a second heat exchanger, and a third heat exchanger with a thermal storage liquid from a common liquid reservoir;
b) introducing air into an inlet of the air flow path and compressing the air to a first pressure using a first compressor in the air flow path;
c) transferring a first amount of thermal energy from the air to a first flow of thermal storage liquid via the first heat exchanger whereby the thermal storage liquid is heated to a first liquid temperature when exiting the first heat exchanger;
d) compressing the air to a second pressure and a second temperature using a second compressor downstream from the first compressor in the air flow path;
e) transferring a second amount of thermal energy from the air to a second flow of thermal storage liquid via the second heat exchanger whereby the second flow of thermal storage liquid is heated to a second liquid temperature when exiting the second heat exchanger;
f) compressing the air to substantially the accumulator pressure and a third temperature using a third compressor downstream from the second compressor in the air flow path;
g) transferring a third amount of thermal energy from the air to a third flow of thermal storage liquid via the third heat exchanger whereby the third flow of thermal storage liquid is heated to a third liquid temperature when exiting the third heat exchanger;
h) collecting the first flow of thermal storage liquid, the second flow of thermal storage liquid, and the third flow of thermal storage liquid via a common piping network and storing the first flow of thermal storage liquid, the second flow of thermal storage liquid, and the third flow of thermal storage liquid in a thermal storage reservoir at a storage temperature that is substantially equal to or less than a highest of the first, second, and third liquid temperatures and at a storage pressure that is greater or substantially similar to a boiling pressure of the thermal storage liquid at the storage temperature; and
i) conveying air exiting the third heat exchanger into the accumulator.
2. The method of claim 1 further comprising, when in the discharging mode:
j) withdrawing air from the accumulator at substantially the accumulator pressure;
k) reintroducing thermal energy from a first portion of the stored thermal storage liquid into the air thereby raising the air temperature;
l) expanding the heated air to a third pressure to drive a first expander;
m) reintroducing thermal energy from a second portion of the stored thermal storage liquid into the air exiting the first expander thereby raising the air temperature;
n)expanding the heated air to a fourth pressure to drive a second expander;
o) reintroducing thermal energy from a third portion of the stored thermal storage liquid into the air exiting the second expander thereby raising the air temperature; and
p) expanding the heated air to a fifth pressure to drive a third expander.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein k) is performed using the third heat exchanger, m) is performed using the second heat exchanger, and o) is performed using the first heat exchanger.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the first pressure is substantially equal to the fourth pressure and the second pressure is substantially equal to the third pressure.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising pressurizing the thermal storage reservoir to the storage pressure using the thermal storage fluid in its gaseous state.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the accumulator pressure is between 30 bar and 80 bar.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the storage pressure is between 10 bar and 20 bar.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the storage temperature is between 150 and 300 degrees Celsius.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the accumulator comprises a hydrostatically compensated accumulator containing a layer of compensation liquid beneath a layer of the compressed air and further comprising:
a) when in the charging mode, conveying compressed gas into the accumulator and displacing a corresponding volume of compensation liquid from the layer of compensation liquid out of the accumulator toward a compensation liquid reservoir via a compensation liquid flow path thereby maintaining the layer of compressed air at substantially the accumulator pressure during the charging mode; and
b) when in the discharging mode, conveying compressed gas from the accumulator by providing a corresponding volume of compensation liquid into the accumulator as the compressed air is removed thereby maintaining the layer of compressed air at substantially the accumulator pressure during the discharging mode.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the thermal storage reservoir comprises a storage vessel and wherein the storage pressure is less than a rated pressure of the storage vessel.
11. A compressed air energy storage system operable in at least a charging mode and a discharging mode, the system comprising:
a) an accumulator comprising a chamber disposed at least 300 m underground and having an accumulator interior configured to contain compressed air at a accumulator pressure when in use;
b) a three-stage gas compressor/expander subsystem in fluid communication with the accumulator interior via an air flow path and configured to convey a flow of compressed air into the accumulator when in the charging mode and out of the accumulator when in the discharging mode; the three-stage gas compressor/expander subsystem comprising:
i. a first compressor in the air flow path, a second compressor downstream from the first compressor and a third compressor downstream from the second compressor wherein compressed gas exiting the third compressor is substantially equal to the accumulator pressure and flows into the accumulator for storage in the charging mode;
c) a three-stage thermal storage subsystem having a liquid flow path configured to circulate a thermal storage liquid between a source reservoir and a thermal storage reservoir, the three-stage thermal storage subsystem comprising:
i. a first heat exchanger in the liquid flow path and in the air flow path between the first compressor and second compressor to transfer a first amount of thermal energy from the air to a first flow of thermal storage liquid;
ii. a second heat exchanger in the liquid flow path and in the air flow path between the second compressor and third compressor to transfer a second amount of thermal energy from the air to a second flow of thermal storage liquid; and
iii. a third heat exchanger in the liquid flow path and in the air flow path between the third compressor and the accumulator to transfer a third amount of thermal energy from the air to a third flow of thermal storage liquid;
wherein, when in use, the thermal storage liquid from the source reservoir is directed to each of the first heat exchanger, the second heat exchanger, and the third heat exchanger; and
the first flow of thermal storage liquid, the second flow of thermal storage liquid, and the third flow of thermal storage liquid respectively exiting the first heat exchanger, the second heat exchanger, and the third heat exchanger are each collected via a common piping network and stored in the thermal storage reservoir.
12. The system of claim 11 wherein when in the charging mode, the thermal storage subsystem is configured such that the first flow, second flow, and third flow of thermal storage liquid are conveyed towards and retained within the thermal storage reservoir at a storage pressure and at a storage temperature, wherein the storage pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure and the storage temperature is greater than a boiling temperature of the thermal storage liquid when at atmospheric pressure and is less or substantially equal to the boiling temperature of the thermal storage liquid when at the storage pressure.
13. The system of claim 11 , wherein the first heat exchanger, the second heat exchanger, and the third heat exchanger are configured such that the thermal storage liquid exiting the first heat exchanger, the thermal storage liquid exiting the second heat exchanger, and the thermal storage liquid exiting the third heat exchanger are at substantially the storage temperature.
14. The system of claim 11 wherein the first compressor, the second compressor, and the third compressor are configured such that a first exit temperature of the gas exiting the first compressor is between 150 and 300 degrees Celsius, a second exit temperature of the gas exiting the second compressor is between 150 and 300 degrees Celsius, and a third exit temperature of the gas exiting the third compressor is between 150 and 300 degrees Celsius.
15. The system of claim 11 , wherein the thermal storage subsystem is configured such that the storage temperature is between 150 and 300 degrees Celsius and the gas compressor/expander subsystem is configured such that the accumulator pressure is between 30 bar and 80 bar.
16. The system of claim 11 , wherein, when in the charging mode:
a) a first amount of thermal energy is transferred from the gas to the thermal storage liquid via the first heat exchanger;
b) a second amount of thermal energy is transferred from the gas to the thermal storage liquid via the second heat exchanger; and
c) a third amount of thermal energy is transferred from the gas to the thermal storage liquid via the third heat exchanger, and wherein the first heat exchanger, the second heat exchanger, and the third heat exchanger are configured such that the first amount, second amount, and third amount are all within 30% of each other.
17. The system of claim 11 , wherein the first heat exchanger, the second heat exchanger, and the third heat exchanger are configured such that a first exit temperature of the thermal storage liquid exiting the first heat exchanger, a second exit temperature of the thermal storage liquid exiting the second heat exchanger, and a third exit temperature of the thermal storage liquid exiting the third heat exchanger are each between 90% and 110% of the storage temperature.
18. The system of claim 11 , wherein the thermal storage liquid comprises at least one of water, mineral oil, synthetic oil, and a combination thereof.
19. The system of claim 11 , where the three-stage gas compressor/expander subsystem further comprises at least a first expander in the airflow path and configured to be driven by gas exiting the accumulator and to drive at least a first generator to generate electricity when in the discharging mode.
20. The system of claim 11 , wherein the accumulator comprises an underground hydrostatically compensated accumulator configured to contain a layer of compensation liquid beneath a layer of the compressed gas at the accumulator pressure.
21. The system of claim 20 , further comprising a compensation liquid reservoir spaced apart from the accumulator and in fluid communication with the layer of compensation liquid within the accumulator via a compensation liquid flow path compensation whereby liquid can flow between the accumulator and the compensation liquid reservoir when in use, wherein
d) during the charging mode the compressed air enters the accumulator at the accumulator pressure which displaces a corresponding volume of compensation liquid from the layer of compensation liquid out of the accumulator via the compensation liquid flow path thereby maintaining the layer of compressed air at substantially the accumulator pressure during the charging mode; and
e) during the discharging mode the compensation liquid re-enters the accumulator via the compensation liquid flow path as air is removed from the accumulator thereby maintaining the layer of compressed air at substantially the accumulator pressure during the discharging mode.
22. The system of claim 11 , wherein the thermal storage reservoir comprises a storage vessel and wherein the storage pressure is less than a rated pressure of the storage vessel.
23. The system of claim 11 , wherein the storage reservoir is pressurized to the storage pressure by boiling or evaporating of the thermal fluid within the storage reservoir.