Systems and method for controlling auto-ignition

1. A system, comprising:

a fuel system configured to supply one or more of a first fuel, a second fuel, and a pre-mixture of the first fuel and the second fuel to at least one cylinder of an engine; and

a controller including instructions stored in non-transitory memory thereof that cause the controller to:

determine an auto-ignition level is less than or equal to a threshold level,

adjust a timing of an injection of the first fuel to retard the timing while maintaining a substitution rate in response to determining the auto-ignition level is less than or equal to the threshold level, and

incrementally reduce the substitution rate in response to auto-ignition occurring following adjusting the timing of the injection of the first fuel.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein incrementally reducing the substitution rate comprises reducing the substitution rate by 5% or less, the substitution rate based on a substitution of the second fuel for the first fuel.

3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the injection is a first injection during an intake stroke of the engine.

4. The system of claim 2 , wherein the instructions further cause the controller to carry out a second injection, and wherein the first injection is deactivated during the second injection and an amount of the first fuel injected is increased via the second injection as compared to the first injection.

5. The system of claim 4 , wherein the instructions further cause the controller to inject the pre-mixture to the engine, wherein the pre-mixture forms part of a substitution ratio, and wherein the substitution ratio is an amount of the pre-mixture relative to total combustion fuel supplied to the engine.

6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first fuel and the second fuel are different from one another, the first fuel is gasoline, diesel, hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD), alcohol, ammonia, biodiesels, hydrogen, natural gas, kerosene, syn-gas, kerosene, dimethyl ether, or J8 jet fuel, and the second fuel is gasoline, diesel, hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD), alcohol, ammonia, biodiesels, hydrogen, natural gas, kerosene, syn-gas, kerosene, dimethyl ether, or J8 jet fuel.

7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first fuel is directly injected to the engine, and wherein the second fuel and the pre-mixture are provided to the engine via a valve arranged in an intake of the engine.

8. A method, comprising:

injecting a first fuel to a combustion chamber via a direct injector positioned to inject directly into the combustion chamber;

flowing a different, second fuel to the combustion chamber via a valve positioned to inject toward an intake port of the combustion chamber;

determining a first auto-ignition exceeds a threshold level;

in response determining the first auto-ignition exceeds the threshold level:

adjusting a substitution rate of the first fuel and the second fuel; and

retarding an injection timing of the injection of the first fuel;

determining a second auto-ignition is equal to or less than the threshold level; and

in response to determining the second auto-ignition is equal to or less than the threshold level:

retarding a first fuel injection timing while maintaining the substitution rate; and

incrementally reducing the substitution rate in response to auto-ignition occurring following retarding the first fuel injection timing.

9. The method of claim 8 , further comprising flowing the second fuel as a pre-mixture with the first fuel, wherein the first fuel and the second fuel are different from one another, the first fuel is gasoline, diesel, hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD), alcohol, ammonia, biodiesels, hydrogen, natural gas, kerosene, syn-gas, kerosene, or J8 jet fuel, and the second fuel is gasoline, diesel, hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD), alcohol, ammonia, biodiesels, hydrogen, natural gas, kerosene, syn-gas, kerosene, or J8 let fuel.

10. The method of claim 8 , wherein injecting the first fuel comprises a first injection during an intake stroke and a second injection during a compression stroke, and wherein retarding the injection timing comprises retarding the injection timing of one of the first injection or the second injection.

11. The method of claim 10 , further comprising decreasing a volume of the first injection and increasing a volume of the second injection.

12. The method of claim 8 , wherein adjusting the substitution rate comprises decreasing the substitution rate in response to the auto-ignition being greater than the threshold level, wherein decreasing the substitution rate includes decreasing an amount of the second fuel relative to an amount of the first fuel.

13. The method of claim 8 , wherein adjusting the substitution rate includes decreasing an amount of the second fuel, further comprising flowing a pre-mixture of the first fuel and the second fuel through the valve in response to the auto-ignition being greater than the threshold level.

14. The method of claim 8 , wherein the combustion chamber is arranged in an engine of a vehicle, wherein the first fuel is a liquid fuel, the liquid fuel being diesel, biodiesel, ethanol, methanol, gasoline, hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel, urea, or dimethyl ether, and wherein the second fuel is a gaseous fuel, the gaseous fuel being natural gas, ammonia, syngas, hydrogen, ethanol, methanol, or dimethyl ether.

15. The method of claim 8 , further comprising injecting a premixed combustion fuel to the combustion chamber, wherein the premixed combustion fuel forms part of a substitution ratio, wherein the substitution ratio is an amount of the premixed combustion fuel relative to a total combustion fuel supplied to the combustion chamber, wherein the premixed combustion fuel is a pre-mixture comprising the first fuel in a liquid or a gaseous state and the second fuel in a liquid or gaseous state.

16. A system, comprising:

an engine of a vehicle comprising a plurality of cylinders;

a first fuel system fluidly coupled to direct injectors of the plurality of cylinders and configured to supply a first fuel by injecting the first fuel;

a second fuel system fluidly coupled to intake port injectors and configured to supply a second fuel different than the first fuel;

a third fuel system fluidly coupled to one of the direct injectors or the intake port injectors and configured to supply a pre-mixture of the first and second fuels; and

a controller with instructions stored on non-transitory memory that cause the controller to:

in response to a comparison of an auto-ignition to a threshold level determining the auto-ignition being greater than the threshold level:

adjusting a substitution rate of the first fuel and the second fuel; and

retarding an injection timing of injection of the first fuel; and

in response to the comparison of the auto-ignition to the threshold level determining the auto-ignition to be equal to or less than the threshold level:

retarding a first fuel injection timing while maintaining the substitution rate in response to determining the auto-ignition level is less than or equal to the threshold level.

17. The system of claim 16 , wherein the first fuel is one of diesel, hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel, or biodiesel, and wherein the second fuel is ammonia or hydrogen.

18. The system of claim 16 , wherein adjusting the substitution rate comprises decreasing an amount of the second fuel and increasing an amount of the first fuel in response to the auto-ignition being greater than the threshold level.

19. The system of claim 16 , wherein the instructions further cause the controller to inject the pre-mixture to the plurality of cylinders, wherein the pre-mixture forms part of a substitution ratio, wherein the substitution ratio is an amount of the pre-mixture relative to a total combustion fuel supplied to the plurality of cylinders; and

increase the substitution ratio while ensuring non-premixed combustion fuel is not eliminated.