Ovens for atomic clocks and related methods and atomic clocks
Ovens for atomic clocks may include a body including a cavity within the body. A plurality of heating elements may be distributed around the body, each heating element of the plurality including coils of electrically resistive material. An arrangement of the plurality of heating elements may be such that far fields of magnetic fields having opposite polarities induced by respective coils of the heating elements overlap.
1. An oven for an atomic clock, comprising:
a body comprising a cavity within the body;
heating elements, each comprising at least one coil, distributed around the body, wherein, for each of the coils configured to produce a magnetic field of a first polarity, the heating elements comprise another coil configured to produce a magnetic field of a second, opposite polarity; and
a shroud of electrically insulating material at least partially surrounding the heating elements, the shroud located radially outward from the body.
2. The oven of claim 1 , wherein the heating elements having coils configured to produce the magnetic field of the first polarity alternate with are interleaved with the heating elements having coils configured to produce the magnetic field of the second, opposite polarity, such that a coil configured to produce the magnetic field of the first polarity is between two coils configured to produce the magnetic field of the second, opposite polarity.
3. The oven of claim 1 , wherein each of the heating elements comprises two complementary coils, a first coil configured to produce the magnetic field of the first polarity and a second coil to produce the magnetic field of the second, opposite polarity.
4. The oven of claim 1 , wherein each of the heating elements comprises a set of coils configured to produce the magnetic field of the first polarity or of the second, opposite polarity.
5. The oven of claim 1 , wherein a first coil configured to produce the magnetic field of the first polarity and a second coil configured to produce the magnetic field of the second, opposite polarity are in series.
6. The oven of claim 1 , wherein the heating elements comprise an even number of heating elements.
7. The oven of claim 1 , wherein coils on opposite sides of the cavity are configured to produce magnetic fields of a same polarity.
8. An oven for an atomic clock, comprising: a body comprising a cavity within the body; and heating elements, each comprising at least one coil, distributed around the body, wherein, for each of the coils configured to produce a magnetic field of a first polarity, the heating elements comprise another coil configured to produce a magnetic field of a second, opposite polarity; wherein adjacent coils are configured to carry alternating current (AC) that is 180° out of phase with each other and a shroud of electrically insulating material at least partially surrounding the heating elements, the shroud located radially outward from the body.
9. The oven of claim 1 , wherein the coils are at least substantially equidistant to a center of the cavity.
10. The oven of claim 1 , comprising a washer overlying the shroud and a base of an electrically insulating material underlying the shroud, electrical connectors to the heating elements extending through holes in the base to the respective ones of the heating elements.
11. The oven of claim 10 , comprising a cap overlying the shroud, the cap being secured to the body, the cap holding the washer and the shroud in place.
12. The oven of claim 11 , wherein the cap comprises a nozzle.
13. A method of making an oven for an atomic clock, comprising:
positioning a first coil of a pair of coils a first distance from a center of a cavity in a body, the first coil configured to produce a magnetic field of a first polarity;
positioning a second coil of the pair of coils the first distance from the center of the cavity in the body, the second coil configured to produce a magnetic field of a second, opposite polarity; and
at least partially surrounding the first coil and the second coil in a shroud of electrically insulating material, the shroud located radially outward from the body.
14. The method of claim 13 , comprising connecting the first and second coil in series.
15. The method of claim 13 , comprising placing the first coil and the second coil are angularly adjacent to each other.
16. The method of claim 13 , comprising placing an inner coil concentrically within the first coil, the inner coil and first coil configured to produce magnetic fields of opposite polarity.
17. The method of claim 13 , further comprising providing an alternating current (AC) to the first coil and second coil, wherein the AC is 180° out of phase between the first coil and the second coil.
18. The method of claim 13 , comprising orienting the first coil to carry flow of current in an opposite direction from a direction of flow of current carried by the second coil.
19. An atomic clock, comprising:
a resonator positioned to receive a subject material from an oven, the oven comprising:
a body comprising a cavity within the body;
heating elements, each comprising at least one coil, distributed around the body, wherein, for each of the coils configured to produce a magnetic field of a first polarity, the heating elements comprise another coil configured to produce a magnetic field of a second, opposite polarity; and
a shroud of electrically insulating material at least partially surrounding the heating elements, the shroud located radially outward from the body.