Systems and methods for determining kinetic parameters in dynamic positron emission tomography imaging

1. A system for imaging, comprising:

at least one storage device including a set of instructions; and

at least one processor in communication with the at least one storage device, wherein when executing the set of instructions, the at least one processor is directed to cause the system to perform operations including:

determining a curve of a first portion of a blood input function of a tracer in a subject based on positron emission tomography (PET) images of the subject, the PET images being generated based on PET data, the PET data being acquired by performing, by a PET scanner during a first time period, scans on the subject injected with the tracer, the tracer being injected into the subject at an injection time prior to the first time period, the first portion of the blood input function corresponding to the first time period; and

determining, without determining a curve of a second portion of the blood input function, kinetic parameters based on the PET data, the curve of the first portion of the blood input function, and a kinetic model, the kinetic parameters indicating a metabolism of the tracer in the subject, the second portion of the blood input function corresponding to a second time period from the injection time to a start time of the first time period.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein no PET image associated with the second time period is required to determine the kinetic parameters.

3. The system of claim 1 , wherein no blood sampling data associated with the second time period is required to determine the kinetic parameters.

4. The system of claim 1 , wherein determining, without determining the curve of the second portion of the blood input function, the kinetic parameters based on the PET data, the curve of the first portion of the blood input function, and the kinetic model includes:

constructing a target function including the PET data, the curve of the first portion of the blood input function, and an unknown value representing an integral of the second portion of the blood input function;

determining, without determining the curve of the second portion of the blood input function, the integral of the second portion of the blood input function by solving, based on the target function, the unknown value; and

determining the kinetic parameters based on the PET data, the curve of the first portion of the blood input function, the kinetic model, and the integral of the second portion of the blood input function.

5. The system of claim 4 , wherein the unknown value is solved based on the target function using a least squares (LS) algorithm.

6. The system of claim 4 , wherein the unknown value is solved based on the target function using an expectation maximization (EM) algorithm.

7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the tracer is applicable to a two-tissue compartment model.

8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the tracer is an irreversible tracer.

9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the start time of the first time period is equal to a time point at which the distribution of the tracer in the subject is deemed to have reached a steady state.

10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the start time of the first time period is after a time point at which the distribution of the tracer in the subject is deemed to have reached a steady state.

11. A method for imaging implemented on a computing device having one or more processors and one or more storage devices, the method comprising:

determining a curve of a first portion of a blood input function of a tracer in a subject based on positron emission tomography (PET) images of the subject, the PET images being generated based on PET data, the PET data being acquired by performing, by a PET scanner during a first time period, scans on the subject injected with the tracer, the tracer being injected into the subject at an injection time prior to the first time period, the first portion of the blood input function corresponding to the first time period; and

determining, without determining a curve of a second portion of the blood input function, kinetic parameters based on the PET data, the curve of the first portion of the blood input function, and a kinetic model, the kinetic parameters indicating a metabolism of the tracer in the subject, the second portion of the blood input function corresponding to a second time period from the injection time to a start time of the first time period.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein no PET image associated with the second time period is required to determine the kinetic parameters.

13. The method of claim 11 , wherein no blood sampling data associated with the second time period is required to determine the kinetic parameters.

14. The method of claim 11 , wherein determining, without determining the curve of the second portion of the blood input function, the kinetic parameters based on the PET data, the curve of the first portion of the blood input function, and the kinetic model includes:

constructing a target function including the PET data, the curve of the first portion of the blood input function, and an unknown value representing an integral of the second portion of the blood input function;

determining, without determining the curve of the second portion of the blood input function, the integral of the second portion of the blood input function by solving, based on the target function, the unknown value; and

determining the kinetic parameters based on the PET data, the curve of the first portion of the blood input function, the kinetic model, and the integral of the second portion of the blood input function.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the unknown value is solved based on the target function using a least squares (LS) algorithm.

16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the unknown value is solved based on the target function using an expectation maximization (EM) algorithm.

17. The method of claim 11 , wherein the tracer is an irreversible tracer.

18. The method of claim 11 , wherein the start time of the first time period is equal to a time point at which the distribution of the tracer in the subject is deemed to have reached a steady state.

19. The method of claim 11 , wherein the start time of the first time period is after a time point at which the distribution of the tracer in the subject is deemed to have reached a steady state.

20. A non-transitory computer readable medium, comprising at least one set of instructions for imaging, wherein when executed by one or more processors of a computing device, the at least one set of instructions causes the computing device to perform a method, the method comprising:

determining a curve of a first portion of a blood input function of a tracer in a subject based on positron emission tomography (PET) images of the subject, the PET images being generated based on PET data, the PET data being acquired by performing, by a PET scanner during a first time period, scans on the subject injected with the tracer, the tracer being injected into the subject at an injection time prior to the first time period, the first portion of the blood input function corresponding to the first time period; and

determining, without determining a curve of a second portion of the blood input function, kinetic parameters based on the PET data, the curve of the first portion of the blood input function, and a kinetic model, the kinetic parameters indicating a metabolism of the tracer in the subject, the second portion of the blood input function corresponding to a second time period from the injection time to a start time of the first time period.