IP Library Granted Patent US 12,648,914
Granted Patent B2
US 12,648,914 · App. 17/457,248 · Granted Jun 9, 2026

Injectable sustained release composition and method of using the same for treating inflammation in joints and pain associated therewith

Inventors: James A. Helliwell (Victoria, CA); Amanda M. Malone (Victoria, CA); Thomas J. Smith (Santa Monica, CA); Marc M. Baum (Pasadena, CA)
Assignee: Eupraxia Pharmaceuticals USA LLC
A61K9/5026A61K9/0024A61K31/56A61K31/58
View Patent ↗
Loading inventors, assignments & file history…
Monitor This Case
Get email alerts when status or documents change.
Order Certified Copies
Most orders are placed with the USPTO same day — all within 24 business hours.
Order via The Patent Place →
Pre-filled with this patent's details
Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 12,648,914
App. No.
17/457,248
Granted
Jun 9, 2026
Kind
B2
Abstract

Described herein are injectable corticosteroid-loaded microparticles, pharmaceutical composition thereof and methods for reducing inflammation or pain in a body compartment such as a joint, an epidural space, a vitreous body of an eye, a surgically created space, or a space adjacent to an implant.

Claims (11)

1 . A unit dosage form comprising:

a plurality of microparticles, each microparticle including:

(1) a crystalline drug core of more than 70% by weight of the microparticle; and

(2) a polymeric shell encapsulating the crystalline drug core,

wherein the crystalline drug core consists of one or more crystals of a corticosteroid selected from fluticasone, fluticasone furoate, and fluticasone propionate, and the polymeric shell is polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and is in contact but immiscible with the crystalline drug core; wherein the plurality of microparticles have a mean diameter in the range of 50 μm to 150 μm and a standard deviation of less than 50% of the mean diameter; and

wherein the plurality of microparticles are heat-treated at 210-230° C. for at least one hour and the unit dosage form releases the corticosteroid over a period of 2-12 months while maintaining a minimum therapeutically effective concentration of the corticosteroid within a body compartment.

2 . The unit dosage form according to claim 1 , wherein the body compartment is a joint, an epidural space, an intravitreal space, a surgically created space, or a space adjacent to an implant.

3 . The unit dosage form according to claim 1 , wherein, within the sustained release period of 2-12 months, the corticosteroid is released locally within the body compartment and provides below a quantifiable limit of plasma corticosteroid 7 days after injection.

4 . The unit dosage form according to claim 1 , wherein each microparticle of the plurality of microparticles comprises 90-98% w/w of crystalline drug core and 2-10% w/w of polymeric shell.

5 . An extended release formulation comprising a plurality of microparticles having a core/shell morphology and been heat-treated at 210-230° C. for at least one hour, wherein each microparticle includes: (1) a crystalline drug core of more than 70% by weight of the microparticle, wherein the crystalline drug core consists of one or more crystals of fluticasone, a salt or ester thereof; and (2) a polymeric shell encapsulating the crystalline drug core, whereby the polymeric shell is PVA and is in contact but immiscible with the crystalline drug core, wherein said plurality of microparticles have a mean diameter of between 80 μm and 150 μm.

6 . The extended release formulation according to claim 5 , wherein the fluticasone, salt or ester thereof is selected from fluticasone, fluticasone furoate, and fluticasone propionate.

Assignments (3)
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded May 13, 2026
From: HELLIWELL, JAMES A.; MALONE, AMANDA M.; SMITH, THOMAS J.; BAUM, MARC M.
To: EUPRAXIA PHARMACEUTICALS USA LLC
Reel/Frame 074651/0513 →
RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST Recorded Apr 4, 2025
From: YABEMA CAPITAL LIMITED
To: EUPRAXIA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.; EUPRAXIA PHARMACEUTICALS USA, LLC
Reel/Frame 070732/0043 →
SECURITY INTEREST Recorded Aug 8, 2024
From: EUPRAXIA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.; EUPRAXIA PHARMACEUTICALS USA, LLC
To: YABEMA CAPITAL LIMITED
Reel/Frame 068229/0087 →
Continuity (4)
Continuation 15975577 · May 9, 2018
Division 14222082 · Mar 21, 2014
Provisional Application 61804185 · Mar 21, 2013
Related Publication 20220087943A1 · Mar 24, 2022
References Cited (221)
US 2515898A · Rhodehamel, Jr. · 1950 [cited by applicant]
US 2627491A · Lester et al. · 1953 [cited by applicant]
US 3867519A · Michaels · 1975 [cited by applicant]
US 3993073A · Zaffaroni · 1976 [cited by applicant]
US 4105776A · Ondetti et al. · 1978 [cited by applicant]
US 4231938A · Monaghan et al. · 1980 [cited by applicant]
US 4244836A · Frensch et al. · 1981 [cited by applicant]
US 4316906A · Ondetti et al. · 1982 [cited by applicant]
US 4337201A · Petrillo, Jr. · 1982 [cited by applicant]
US 4344949A · Hoefle et al. · 1982 [cited by applicant]
US 4346227A · Terahara et al. · 1982 [cited by applicant]
US 4374829A · Harris et al. · 1983 [cited by applicant]
US 4410520A · Watthey · 1983 [cited by applicant]
US 4427649A · Dingle et al. · 1984 [cited by applicant]
US 4439196A · Higuchi · 1984 [cited by applicant]
US 4444784A · Hoffman et al. · 1984 [cited by applicant]
US 4452025A · Lew · 1984 [cited by applicant]
US 4508729A · Vincent et al. · 1985 [cited by applicant]
US 4512924A · Attwood et al. · 1985 [cited by applicant]
US 4530840A · Tice et al. · 1985 [cited by applicant]
US 4542025A · Tice et al. · 1985 [cited by applicant]
US 4568559A · Nuwayser et al. · 1986 [cited by applicant]
US 4587258A · Gold et al. · 1986 [cited by applicant]
US 4623588A · Nuwayser et al. · 1986 [cited by applicant]
US 4652441A · Okada et al. · 1987 [cited by applicant]
US 4675196A · Villa et al. · 1987 [cited by applicant]
US 4739073A · Kathawala · 1988 [cited by applicant]
US 4757128A · Domb et al. · 1988 [cited by applicant]
US 4789724A · Domb et al. · 1988 [cited by applicant]
US 4857311A · Domb et al. · 1989 [cited by applicant]
US 4888176A · Langer et al. · 1989 [cited by applicant]
US 4897402A · Duggan et al. · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 4904646A · Karanewsky et al. · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 4906624A · Chucholowski et al. · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 4906657A · Roth · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 4920109A · Onishi et al. · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 4923861A · Picard et al. · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 4929620A · Chucholowski et al. · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 4939143A · Regan et al. · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 4940727A · Inamine et al. · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 4940800A · Bertolini et al. · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 4946860A · Morris et al. · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 4946864A · Prugh et al. · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 4950675A · Chucholowski · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 4957940A · Roth · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 4963538A · Duggan et al. · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 4968693A · Joshua et al. · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 4970231A · Lee et al. · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 4992429A · Ullrich et al. · 1991 [cited by applicant]
US 4994281A · Muranishi et al. · 1991 [cited by applicant]
US 4994494A · Regan et al. · 1991 [cited by applicant]
US 4996234A · Regan et al. · 1991 [cited by applicant]
US 4997837A · Chucholowski et al. · 1991 [cited by applicant]
US 5001128A · Neuenschwander et al. · 1991 [cited by applicant]
US 5001144A · Regan et al. · 1991 [cited by applicant]
US 5017716A · Karanewsky et al. · 1991 [cited by applicant]
US 5021453A · Joshua et al. · 1991 [cited by applicant]
US 5025000A · Karanewsky · 1991 [cited by applicant]
US 5081136A · Bertolini et al. · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5091185A · Castillo et al. · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5091378A · Karanewsky et al. · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5091386A · Kesseler et al. · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5098931A · Duggan et al. · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5102911A · Lee et al. · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5112857A · Vickers · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5116870A · Smith et al. · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5130306A · Duggan et al. · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5132312A · Regan et al. · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5133947A · Stambaugh et al. · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5133974A · Paradissis et al. · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5135935A · Alberts et al. · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5166171A · Jendralla et al. · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5182298A · Helms et al. · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5196440A · Bertolini et al. · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5202327A · Robl · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5250435A · Cover et al. · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5256689A · Chiang · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5260332A · Dufresne · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5262435A · Joshua et al. · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5271946A · Hettche · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5273995A · Roth · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5276021A · Karanewsky et al. · 1994 [cited by applicant]
US 5283256A · Dufresne et al. · 1994 [cited by applicant]
US 5286497A · Hendrickson et al. · 1994 [cited by applicant]
US 5286895A · Harris et al. · 1994 [cited by applicant]
US 5302604A · Byrne et al. · 1994 [cited by applicant]
US 5310572A · Woodard et al. · 1994 [cited by applicant]
US 5317031A · MacConnell et al. · 1994 [cited by applicant]
US 5356896A · Kabadi et al. · 1994 [cited by applicant]
US 5369125A · Berger et al. · 1994 [cited by applicant]
US 5378475A · Smith et al. · 1995 [cited by applicant]
US 5385932A · Vickers · 1995 [cited by applicant]
US 5567473A · Lacz et al. · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5618563A · Berde et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5622985A · Olukotun et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5639480A · Bodmer et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5651990A · Takada et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5654009A · Hata et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5700485A · Berde et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5753234A · Lee et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5922340A · Berde et al. · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 6046187A · Berde et al. · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6120787A · Gustafsson et al. · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6214387B1 · Berde et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6238702B1 · Berde et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6326020B1 · Kohane et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6426339B1 · Berde et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6544646B2 · Vaghefi et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 6936270B2 · Watson et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 7063862B2 · Lin et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 8263108B2 · Gibson et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8765725B2 · Cavanagh et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 9957233B1 · Xi · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20020114844A1 · Hanna et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 20030152637A1 · Chasin et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20040191326A1 · Reo et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 20040208833A1 · Hovey et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 20050069591A1 · Bernstein et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20070003619A1 · Smith · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20070026527A1 · Delacourte et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20070218139A1 · Smith · 2007 [cited by examiner]
US 20080044476A1 · Lyons et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080317805A1 · McKay et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20090082321A1 · Edelman et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090264472A1 · Wohabrebbi et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20100196482A1 · Radovic-Moreno et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20110081420A1 · Barrows · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110238036A1 · Ashton · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20120282298A1 · Bodick et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20130052264A1 · Chung et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130122085A1 · Dalton et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130316006A1 · Popov et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130316009A1 · Popov · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130337073A1 · Oshima et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20150044271A1 · Slattery et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
CN 1679515A · 2005 [cited by applicant]
CN 102070895A · 2011 [cited by applicant]
EP 2113013A2 · 2009 [cited by applicant]
EP 2976062A1 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
GB 2241889A · 1991 [cited by applicant]
JP 61191609 · 1986 [cited by applicant]
JP 1311024 · 1989 [cited by applicant]
JP 2006521287A · 2006 [cited by applicant]
JP 2006523613A · 2006 [cited by applicant]
JP 4230210B2 · 2009 [cited by applicant]
JP 2010111592A · 2010 [cited by applicant]
JP 2010540447A · 2010 [cited by applicant]
JP 2013535489A · 2013 [cited by applicant]
RU 2262355C1 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
WO 9813027A1 · 1998 [cited by applicant]
WO 0228371A1 · 2002 [cited by applicant]
WO 2004058222A1 · 2004 [cited by applicant]
WO 2004058223A1 · 2004 [cited by applicant]
WO 2005009604A1 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
WO 2008048770A1 · 2008 [cited by applicant]
WO 2008103123A2 · 2008 [cited by applicant]
WO 2008119033A1 · 2008 [cited by applicant]
WO 2009001697A2 · 2008 [cited by applicant]
WO 2009039262A2 · 2009 [cited by applicant]
WO 2010007446A1 · 2010 [cited by applicant]
WO 2010017265A2 · 2010 [cited by applicant]
WO 2010052896A1 · 2010 [cited by applicant]
WO 2012019009A1 · 2012 [cited by applicant]
WO 2013130619A1 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
WO 2014153541A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO 2016044799A1 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
Office Action, dated Oct. 22, 2020, for Indian Application No. 201817016199, 7 pages. (w/ English Translation). [cited by applicant]
Soulas et al., “Drug Release from Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-Based Matrices: Observed and Predicted Stabilization of the Release Rate by Three-Layer Devices,” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 51:7126-7136, 2012. [cited by applicant]
English Translation of Office Action, mailed Jun. 10, 2019, for IL Application No. 241718, 4 pages. [cited by applicant]
Office Action, mailed Oct. 10, 2019, for CA Application No. 2,907,765, 3 pages. [cited by applicant]
Rabinow et al., “Intra-articular (IA) Ropivacaine Microparticle Suspensions Reduce Pain, Inflammation, Cytokine, and Substance P Levels Significantly More than Oral or IA Celecoxib in a Rat Model of Arthritis,” Inflamma… [cited by applicant]
Supplementary European Search Report dated Apr. 14, 2011 for corresponding European Patent Application No. 03800247.3. [cited by applicant]
Adams et al., Depot fluphenazine for schizophrenia, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2000. [cited by applicant]
Fleckenstein, History of calcium antagonists, Cir. Res./Suppl. 1, 1983, pp. 1-3-1-16, 52(2). [cited by applicant]
Mollmann et al., Clinical and pharmacologic aspects of various betamethasone crystalline suspensions, fortschr. Med., 1977, pp. 972-978, 95(14). [cited by applicant]
O'Keefe et al., Should an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor be standard therapy for patients with atherosclerotic disease?, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., pp. 1-8, 37(1). [cited by applicant]
Table 16-1, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 2000, p. 209, 20th Ed. [cited by applicant]
Arnsten et al. “Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence and Viral Suppression in HIV-Infected Drug Users: Comparison of Self-Report and Electronic Monitoring,” Clinical Infectious Diseases 33:1417-1423, Oct. 15, 2001. [cited by applicant]
Bartlett et al., “Management of Anthrax,” Clinical Infectious Diseases 35:851-858, Oct. 1, 2002. [cited by applicant]
Blauw et al., “Stroke, Statins, and Cholesterol: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Trials With HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors,” Stroke 28:946-950, 1997. [cited by applicant]
Burch et al., “Current Indications for ACE Inhibitors and HOPE for the Future,” The American Journal of Managed Care 8:478-490, 2002. [cited by applicant]
Byron et al., “Effects of Heat Treatment on the Permeability of Polyvinyl Alcohol Films to a Hydrophilic Solute,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 76(1):65-67, Jan. 1987. [cited by applicant]
Cadorniga et al., “In vitro evaluation of the dissolution rate of crystalline suspensions destined to intramuscular administration,” European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics S3:379-384, 1991. [cited by applicant]
Cushenberry et al., “Potential Use of HMG-COA Reductase Inhibitors for Osteoporosis,” The Annals of Phamacotherapy 36:671-678, 2002. [cited by applicant]
David et al., “Depot fluphenazine decanoate and enanthate for schizophrenia (Review),” The Cochrane Collaboration, 2006, 137 pages. [cited by applicant]
Dechend et al., “Modulating Angiotensin II-Induced Inflammation by HMG Co-A Reductase Inhibition,” The American Journal of Hypertension 14:55S-61S, 2001. [cited by applicant]
Endres et al., “Stroke protection by 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase inhibitors mediated by endothelial nitric oxide synthase,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:8880-8885, Jul. 1998. [cited by applicant]
Fassbender et al., “Effects of statins on human cerebral cholesterol metabolism and secretion of Alzheimer amyloid peptide,” Neurology 59:1257-1258, 2002. [cited by applicant]
Friedlander et al., “Postexposure Prophylaxis against Experimental Inhalation Anthrax,” The Journal of Infectious Diseases 167:1239-1242, 1993. [cited by applicant]
Gennaro et al. (eds.), Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19th ed., Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 1995, p. 963. (1 page). [cited by applicant]
Gennaro et al. (eds.), Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 2000, p. 209. (1 page). [cited by applicant]
Gennaro et al. (eds.), Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 2000, p. 1371. (3 pages). [cited by applicant]
Gharabawi et al., “Enhanced psychiatric and neurological outcomes in chronically psychotic patients treated for a year with long-acting, injectable risperidone,” Annual Meeting American College of Neuropsychopharmacolog… [cited by applicant]
Houghton, “Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists in Chronic Heart Failure,” Drugs 62(10):1433-1440, 2002. [cited by applicant]
Jefferds et al., “Adherence to Antimicrobial Inhalational Anthrax Prophylaxix among Postal Workers, Washington, D.C., 2001,” Emerging Infectious Diseases 8(10):1138-1144, 2002. [cited by applicant]
Kaplan et al., “Pharmacokinetics of benzathine penicillin G: Serum levels during the 28 days after intramuscular injection of 1,200,000 units,” J. Pediatr 115:146-150, 1989. [cited by applicant]
McCall et al., “Calcium entry blocking drugs: mechanisms of action, experimental studies and clinical uses,” Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 10(8):1-80, 1985. [cited by applicant]
Mimran et al., “Angiotensin II receptor antagonists and hypertension,” Clin. and Exper. Hypertension 21(5&6):847-858, 1999. [cited by applicant]
Möllmann et al., “Klinisch-pharmakologiche Aspekte unterschiedlicher Betamethason-Kristallsuspensionen,” Fortschr. Med. 95(14):972-978, 1977. [cited by applicant]
O'Keefe et al., “Should an Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Be Standard Therapy for Patients With Atherosclerotic Disease?,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 37(1):1-8, 2001. [cited by applicant]
Perico et al., “Angiotensin II receptor antagonists and treatment of hypertension and renal disease,” Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 7:571-578, 1998. [cited by applicant]
Quraishi et al., “Depot haloperidol decanoate for schizophrenia (Review),” The Cochrane Collaboration, 2006, 37 pages. [cited by applicant]
Subhaga et al., “Evaluation of an aliphatic polyurethane as a microsphere matrix for sustained theophylline delivery,” J. Microencapsulation 12(6):617-625, 1995. [cited by applicant]
Supplementary European Search Report dated Apr. 21, 2011, for corresponding European Application No. 03800247.3-1219 / 1585500, 3 pages. [cited by applicant]
Wong et al., “Nonpeptide Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists. I. Pharmacological Characterization of 2-n-Butyl-4-chloro-1-(2-chlorobenzyl)imidazole-5-acetic acid, sodium salt (S-8307),” The Journal of Pharmacology and E… [cited by applicant]
Nichols, “Hormones and hormone antagonists,” Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th Edition, Limmer, ed., 2000, p. 1371. [cited by applicant]
Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 19th Edition, vol. II, Gennaro, ed., p. 963, 1995. [cited by applicant]
Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 20th Edition, Limmer, ed., Table 16-1, p. 209. [cited by applicant]
“Armstrong-Kropp Development Corporation's Applications”, R.P.C., pp. 268-271, 1974. [cited by applicant]
“Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Zur Forderung Der Wissenschaften Ev, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and University of Massachusetts Medical Center”, Intellectual Property Of… [cited by applicant]
Gennaro et al. (eds.), “Hormones and hormone antagonists,” Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 2000, p. 1371. (3 pages). [cited by applicant]
International Search Report, dated May 25, 2004, for International Application No. PCT/US03/41391. (2 pages). [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion, dated Dec. 22, 2015, for International Application No. PCT/US15/51072. (7 pages). [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion, dated Jun. 20, 2014, for International Application No. PCT/US2014/031502. (7 pages). [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion. dated Jan. 19, 2017, for International Application No. PCT/US2016/059141. (11 pages). [cited by applicant]
Office Action, dated Jan. 26, 2020, for Australian Application No. 2015317339, 3 pages. [cited by applicant]
Office Action, dated Aug. 7, 2020, for Brazilian Application No. BR112018008415-8, 7 pages. (w/ English Translation). [cited by applicant]
Office Action, dated Feb. 6, 2019, for Chilean Application No. 201801098, 19 pages. (w/ English Machine Translation). [cited by applicant]
Office Action, dated Mar. 22, 2021, for Chinese Application No. 201910668623.9, 9 pages. (w/ English Translation). [cited by applicant]
Office Action, dated Mar. 4, 2020, for European Application No. 15841849.1, 5 pages. [cited by applicant]
Office Action, dated Jun. 29, 2020, for Indian Application No. 8857/DELNP/2015, 6 pages. (w/ English Translation). [cited by applicant]