In-line polymerization for customizable composite fiber manufacture in additive manufacturing
A composite fiber for use in additive manufacturing such as fused filament fabrication is described along with methods of its construction and use. The composite fiber includes a single continuous fiber (e.g., a continuous carbon roving) and a polymer (e.g., a high glass transition polymer) in intimate contact. The composite fiber is formed through immersion of the continuous fiber in a series of two or more solutions that together include monomer(s), catalysts, or other materials for generating the polymer as the continuous fiber moves through the solutions.
1. A method for forming a composite fiber for an additive manufacturing device, the method comprising:
generating an infiltrated fiber by immersing a first region of a continuous fiber in a first solution included in a series of two or more solutions each provided with a respective roller directing movement of the continuous fiber in or past the solutions, wherein the first solution comprises a first monomer, a first catalyst, or both;
immersing the infiltrated fiber in a second solution included in the series of two or more solutions to generate a first polymer in and/or on the first region of the continuous fiber, wherein the first polymer incorporates the first monomer, and wherein the second solution comprises a second monomer, a second catalyst, or both;
adjusting a position of the rollers to immerse a second region of the continuous fiber in a third solution included in the series of two or more solutions, wherein at least a portion of the second region is different from the first region and at least a portion of the first region is not immersed in the third solution;
washing at least the first region of the continuous fiber with a solvent to produce a wet composite fiber; and
removing the solvent from the wet composite fiber.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first monomer comprises caprolactam, adipoyl chloride, hexamethylene diamine, or adipic acid.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the continuous fiber is pulled through the first solution.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
providing the composite fiber to an additive manufacturing device;
heating the composite fiber to a deposition temperature; and
depositing the composite fiber on a print area.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first polymer comprises nylon 6 or nylon 6,6.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the third solution comprises a third monomer, and wherein at least a portion of the second region of the continuous fiber includes the first region of the continuous fiber.
7. The method of claim 6 , further comprising: generating a second polymer in and/or on the second region of the continuous fiber, wherein the second polymer incorporates the third monomer.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein generating the second polymer in and/or on the second region of the continuous fiber comprises:
after immersing the second region of the continuous fiber in the third solution, immersing the second region of the continuous fiber in a fourth solution of the series of two or more solutions.
9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising molding the composite fiber.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the continuous fiber is a fiber roving.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the fiber roving comprises from about 1,100 to about 50,000 individual filaments.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first solution comprises the first monomer, wherein the second solution comprises the second monomer, wherein the first monomer is hexamethylene diamine, and wherein the second monomer is adipic acid or adipoyl chloride.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the continuous fiber comprises carbon fiber, glass fiber, or an organic fiber.
14. A system for printing a three-dimensional object, the system comprising:
a print head configured to receive a composite fiber;
an infiltration system for generating the composite fiber from a continuous fiber; and
a print bed comprising a printing surface onto which the composite fiber may be selectively applied by the print head to form a work piece,
wherein the infiltration system comprises a series of two or more solution baths each provided with a respective roller directing movement of the continuous fiber in or past the solution baths, wherein a position of the rollers is configured to be adjusted to immerse first and second regions of the continuous fiber in the solution baths such that at least a portion of the second region is different from the first region and such that at least a portion of the first region is not immersed in a respective one of the solution baths into which the second region is immersed.
15. The system according to claim 14 , further comprising:
a drive means associated with the print head for advancing the composite fiber through the print head for application to the print bed with a formation material.
16. The system according to claim 14 , wherein the composite fiber is advanced through the print head by pulling of the composite fiber via a connection of the composite fiber with one or more of a printing surface of the print bed, a mandrel, and/or an existing work piece.
17. The system according to claim 14 , wherein the print bed is configured to move in at least six different degrees of freedom, and said system further comprises:
one or more drive means connected to the print bed for movement of the print bed in one or more of the six different degrees of freedom; and
a controller in communication with said one or more dive means.
18. The system according to claim 14 , wherein the series of two or more solution baths each comprise one or more monomers for generating a first polymer; and
wherein the infiltration system further comprises a rinse bath, wherein the rollers are configured to move the continuous fiber through the series of two or more solution baths to generate the first polymer, and wherein the rinse bath includes a wash for removing unreacted monomers of the one or more monomers from the continuous fiber.
19. The system according to claim 18 , the infiltration system further comprising:
a mechanism for directing the first and second regions of the continuous fiber to independently enter selected ones of the solution baths included in the series of two or more solution baths.
20. The system according to claim 18 , wherein the one or more monomers comprise at least one of caprolactam, adipoyl chloride, hexamethylene diamine, adipic acid, or combinations thereof.
21. The system according to claim 14 , wherein the viscosity of each solution bath of the two or more solution baths is from about 0.3 cP to less than 4.0 cP.
22. The system according to claim 14 , further comprising:
at least one mandrel located on the print bed for receiving the composite fiber and providing a form for shaping of the composite fiber into a selected shape.
23. The system according to claim 22 , wherein the mandrel has at least one degree of freedom independent of the print bed.